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Carry‐over effects (COEs) occur when an event in a life stage of an individual is affected by the experience, physiological state or reproduction of a previous life stage. COEs are insufficiently explored with regard to the connections between physiological state and reproduction in animals with seasonal iteroparity and short lifespans. We investigated within‐individual temporal changes in haematocrit (an indicator of oxygen‐carrying capacity and energetic demand) and heterophil granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte (H/L) ratio (indicator of stress levels and health state) within and between breeding seasons, and COEs between haematocrit, H/L ratio, and reproduction (breeding onset, clutch size, brood size and the number of prefledglings) in a short‐lived passerine, the collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). Haematocrit varied across years and showed moderate repeatability overall, with higher repeatability observed in females. In males, haematocrit declined between the courtship and the nestling‐rearing period. Lower haematocrit during nestling rearing was associated with higher brood size in males, suggesting a trade‐off between self‐maintenance and parental effort. While H/L ratio did not fluctuate across years, in females, increased reproductive effort in the previous year correlated with higher H/L ratios in the subsequent year, indicating physiological costs of reproduction. Additionally, females with higher H/L ratio during nestling‐rearing had lower fledging success in the following year, suggesting long‐term fitness consequences of stress. Our findings highlight that COEs between physiology and reproduction in the short‐lived collared flycatcher manifest differently in the two sexes, likely due to distinct reproductive roles and energetic constraints. We investigated sex‐specific carry‐over effects (COEs) between physiological state and reproduction in the short‐lived, seasonally breeding collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). Our results reveal that COEs manifest differently between sexes: in females, past reproductive effort and stress levels predicted future physiological condition and reproductive outcomes, while no such patterns were observed in males. These findings provide novel insights into the physiological costs of reproduction and highlight the importance of sex‐specific approaches in ecophysiological studies.

Commercial surrogacy is neither prohibited nor approved in China. As the underground surrogacy market keeps expanding fast, the disputes over parenthood of surrogate child occur more and more frequently. Since there are no specific rules for surrogacy, Chinese courts have to make legal determination by applying current laws. This article firstly analyses the contradictions of existing laws and regulations on natural parenthood when apply them in the cases of surrogacy. In China, since the natural parenthood is built on reproductive connections between parents and child, this article provides a typology of surrogacy in terms of the reproductive role each party has played. By combining it with the case study, the judicial views on different issues are presented. This article further discusses the inadequacies of current legal determination of parenthood, ethical controversies in surrogacy and recommends some suggestions on regulating the surrogacy and protecting the rights and interests of women and children.

The development of cod aquaculture has raised concerns about its effect on wild stocks. One risk is hybridisation between escapees and wild cod, causing genetic introgression, and, potentially, fitness depressions in wild populations. The potential for hybridisation depends on escapee success in mating competition with wild fish. Cod have a complex mating system, with males likely to adopt either dominant or sub-dominant roles, the latter typically achieving reproductive success through sperm competition. Studies on salmonids indicate that domesticated males predominantly adopt sub-dominant roles. We therefore analysed sperm characteristics of wild and farmed cod Gadus morhua L. around the onset and end of the natural spawning season. Wild and farmed males were also paired in in vitro crosses to assess reproductive success in sperm competition. In the early spawning season, wild males had higher sperm velocity, percentages of motile and progressive cells, and spermatocrit. Sperm velocity was the main determinant of fertilisation success in in vitro sperm competition and, accordingly, wild males had higher reproductive success. At the end of spawning, the percentages of motile or progressive cells and spermatocrit were similar between wild and farmed males, but wild males maintained higher sperm velocity. Our results indicate that farmed males have limited reproductive success in sperm competition with wild male cod. This presumably reduces the risk of genetic introgression from escapees. We hypothesise that impaired sperm quality and lower reproductive fitness of farmed cod are due to inhibition of the full behavioural repertoire, lack of social structure under culture conditions, and/or nutritional deficiencies.

1. Sexually dimorphic traits often reflect factors limiting the reproductive success of animals. Thus, most sexually dimorphic traits can be directly linked to the reproductive role of each sex. Sexual dimorphism in trophic structures (e.g. beak, jaws, teeth), however, often lacks a direct link to reproduction. 2. Trophic structures can be linked indirectly to reproductive allocation via energy acquisition. The reproductive role hypothesis (also known as the dimorphic niche hypothesis) posits such an indirect link, but has received heretofore little direct empirical support. We tested this hypothesis in a molluscivorous turtle exhibiting marked female-biased trophic morphology dimorphism. 3. Bite force analysis showed that females have stronger jaws than males and dietary analysis revealed that females ingest snails closer to their maximum biting capacity than males. Body condition of both sexes and reproductive output of females increased with relative head width, indicating that fitness is tightly linked to head size and bite force. 4. Our study provides strong evidence that reproductive role contributes to sexual dimorphism in trophic morphology. Our findings should apply to any animal in which energy intake is limited by trophic morphology.

Testudines demonstrate a range of beak morphologies that can be categorized into five basic forms: smooth, notched, monocuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid. Species with a bicuspid or tricuspid premaxilla bear upper jaw notches bordered on each side by tooth-like cusps called tomiodonts. These conspicuous and rather unique “teeth” are detailed in the early species’ descriptions made by eminent naturalists and zoologists, including Holbrook, Harlan, De Kay, and Agassiz, among others. For 190 years, tomiodonts have been used as a descriptor in testudine morphology, systematics, and natural history. The objective of this paper is to provide an historical synthesis of the literature on testudine anterior skull and beak morphology with an emphasis on tomiodont structure and putative function. We explore tomiodont morphology and dimorphism in Testudines and focus on a relatively well-studied species, the Painted Turtle ( Chrysemys picta ). We also introduce observations of putative sexual dimorphisms in tomiodonts and crania of C. picta from a long-term study in Algonquin Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada). We speculate on the functional significance and evolutionary explanation(s) responsible for the tomiodont morphology of Testudines. Lastly, we suggest the standardized adoption of the term “tomiodont” in morphological nomenclature and provide directions for future research on tomiodonts.

Involuntary resettlement has gendered implications for displaced households and require the renegotiation of gender roles, which this paper is focused upon. The Bakun Hydro-electric project (BHEP) in Sarawak, Malaysia has displaced many indigenous people from their homes and traditional livelihoods. The Kenyah Badeng, one of the displaced indigenous communities, struggles with rising issues of poverty after their relocation to the resettlement known as Sungai Asap. Many men have migrated to urban areas as a result of the economic problems they and their families face at the resettlement. Migration and emigration provide a platform for renegotiation of gender roles because the men leave their wives to deal with multiple roles (reproductive and productive), including making some crucial decisions with regard to resettlement, such as the development of infrastructure, public facilities and school buildings. Although migrating out of the resettlement enables men to seek employment, this is not an option for the women who are left behind with children and old parents. Thus, women struggle and face challenges to provide food and care, yet they are powerless when it comes to making crucial decisions regarding issues for the betterment of their households and surroundings.

Recently, childfree people have been foregrounded in mainstream media. More than seven percent of Western women choose to remain childfree and this figure is increasing. Being childfree challenges the ‘procreation imperative’ residing at the center of our hetero-normative understandings, occupying an uneasy position in relation to—simultaneously—traditional academic ideologies and prevalent social norms. After all, as Adi Avivi recognizes, if a woman is not a mother, the patriarchal social order is in danger. This collection engages with these (mis)perceptions about childfree people: in media representations, demographics, historical documents, and both psychological and philosophical models. Foundational pieces from established experts on the childfree choice--Rhonny Dam, Laurie Lisle, Christopher Clausen, and Berenice Fisher--appear alongside both activist manifestos and original scholarly work, comprehensively brought together. Academics and activists in various disciplines and movements also riff on the childfree life: its implications, its challenges, its conversations, and its agency—all in relation to its inevitability in the 21st century. Childfree across the Disciplines unequivocally takes a stance supporting the subversive potential of the childfree choice, allowing readers to understand childfreedom as a sense of continuing potential in who—or what—a person can become.

Human and economic developments are closely linked to geography. The mission of the World Bank Group is to assist countries to overcome poverty and establish a sustainable path for their development. Providing reliable information about the state of the world and its people is an important part of that mission. Recognizing the formidable challenges and great successes that have been achieved should strengthen our resolve to work together to fight poverty and increase human welfare. To that end the World Bank has published an atlas for over 40 years. This edition of the Atlas of Global Development draws on a global database compiled from the work of the World Bank, other international agencies, and national statistical offices of member countries.

This report aims to show how macroeconomic policies create differential opportunities for women and men. This volume comprises nine chapters covering four broad themes: gender as a category of analysis in macroeconomics; the implications of gender for macroeconomic aggregates, in particular consumption and economic growth; the role of gender in the labor market, globalization, and access to credit; and gender budgeting. Chapters one and two address the first theme. Chapter one focuses on the macroeconomic cost to growth and development that arises from rigid gender roles and associated gender asymmetries. Chapter two documents the progress made in gender mainstreaming by highlighting developments in data collection and monitoring that have moved beyond simply disaggregating data by male and female. Chapters three and four cover the second theme. Chapter three considers the role of gender relations in the macroeconomic aggregates of consumption, savings, investment, and government expenditure and the implications for macroeconomic policy in these areas. Chapter four examines gender relations and economic growth. Chapters five through seven focus on the third theme. Chapter five examines the labor market. Chapter six examines how globalization affects gender relations, particularly employment. Chapter seven concentrates on women's access to finance and documents gender asymmetries in this market. Chapter eight, on the fourth theme, highlights the impact fiscal policies have on gender relations. It documents how policy can be made more gender specific and reports on the progress made by countries that have adopted gender-responsive government budgeting. Chapter nine summarizes what is known about gender and macroeconomic policy, noting areas in which the literature is well developed as well as areas that require further research and study.

InReproductive Justice, sociologist Barbara Gurr provides the first analysis of Native American women's reproductive healthcare and offers a sustained consideration of the movement for reproductive justice in the United States. The book examines the reproductive healthcare experiences on Pine Ridge Reservation, home of the Oglala Lakota Nation in South Dakota-where Gurr herself lived for more than a year. Gurr paints an insightful portrait of the Indian Health Service (IHS)-the federal agency tasked with providing culturally appropriate, adequate healthcare to Native Americans-shedding much-needed light on Native American women's efforts to obtain prenatal care, access to contraception, abortion services, and access to care after sexual assault.Reproductive Justicegoes beyond this local story to look more broadly at how race, gender, sex, sexuality, class, and nation inform the ways in which the government understands reproductive healthcare and organizes the delivery of this care. It reveals why the basic experience of reproductive healthcare for most Americans is so different-and better-than for Native American women in general, and women in reservation communities particularly. Finally, Gurr outlines the strengths that these communities can bring to the creation of their own reproductive justice, and considers the role of IHS in fostering these strengths as it moves forward in partnership with Native nations. Reproductive Justiceoffers a respectful and informed analysis of the stories Native American women have to tell about their bodies, their lives, and their communities.