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8 result(s) for "RESPIRA"
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Time course and determinants of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 in Costa Rica: the RESPIRA study
Background Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are essential for protection or reduction in severity of subsequent disease. We studied antibody responses to spike protein receptor-binding domain (S1-RBD) and nucleocapsid (N) in a population-based sample of COVID-19 cases in Costa Rica. Methods As part of the RESPIRA study, we selected an age-stratified random sample of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases diagnosed from March 2020 to July 2021. Antibodies were determined with multiplex serology in 794 unvaccinated subjects diagnosed 3 days to 17 months before recruitment to investigate immune response to natural infection. In addition, neutralizing antibodies were determined in 136 randomly selected participants. We estimated antibody positivity and GMTs by time since diagnosis and explored determinants using multivariate regression. Results Most participants tested 15–29 days after PCR diagnosis were seropositive for N (90%) and S1-RBD antibodies (96%) and had the highest GMTs for both antibodies. Only 42% of subjects tested one year after infection were seropositive for N antibodies, compared to 97% for S1-RBD. GMTs for neutralizing antibodies peaked 15–89 days after infection and declined but remained positive for 95% of subjects thereafter. In multivariate models, antibodies were significantly higher among men and increased with age and severity of the clinical presentation. The correlation of multiplex and neutralizing antibodies was high (0.72 [95% CI = 0.63–0.79]) and stronger among women. Conclusions A robust immune response against N and S1-RBD is elicited by COVID-19 a few days after infection. While S1-RBD antibodies are present after > 1 year, N antibodies decline significantly. Antibody levels are higher in men and increase with age and severity of disease. The different immune response patterns by sex warrant further investigation. Trial registration RESPIRA Study ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04537338 (3 September 2020).
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF AUTOMATED MECHANICAL VENTILATION EQUIPMENT
Este documento presenta los requerimientos cumplidos para el diseño, construcción y primera validación de un sistema de ventilación mecánica para ser utilizado en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria, que en el contexto inicial fuera a causa de la pandemia de COVID-19. El diseño requirió el uso de software de dibujo asistido por computadora (Computer Aided Design') CAD y la construcción necesitó el uso de las capacidades instaladas en manufactura mecánica, electroneumática, electrónica, biomédica y automatización de los institutos y centros de la Universidad Don Bosco (El Salvador). Los trabajos de ajuste, configuración y programación estuvieron a cargo de docentes investigadores especialistas en dichas disciplinas. Los elementos empleados para su construcción estaban disponibles en el mercado salvadoreño, considerando el cierre de las fronteras como medida gubernamental ante la expansión de la pandemia. Luego de la etapa de diseño, fabricación y puesta en funcionamiento, se realizaron mediciones de las condiciones del aire suministrado con la ayuda de profesionales dedicados al mantenimiento de equipo médico y con el visto bueno de doctores internistas. Los resultados conseguidos son los que se obtienen con equipos paramédicos y con equipos de primera asistencia, por lo cual se ha previsto que el equipo pueda ser probado en una siguiente instancia con el gremio médico certificado.
Development of an Indexed Score to Identify the Most Suitable Sampling Method to Assess Occupational Exposure to Fungi
The sampling approach is of utmost importance to obtain data regarding microbial viability and truly assess workers’ potential health effects. The purpose of this assessment is to create a score which will provide up-to-date information to identify the most suitable sampling method to assess occupational exposure to fungi. Data from a sampling campaign performed at Firefighters Headquarters (FFH) was analysed and a score was calculated from one (1) to three (3) for five (5) distinct sample parameters: (a) accuracy; (b) complexity of the field work; (c) cost; (d) complexity in laboratory work; and (e) time taken since the fieldwork until obtaining the fungal contamination characterization. The statistical analysis allowed us to conclude that settled dust and Andersen six-stage were the best sampling methods to perform the assessment of the occupational exposure to fungi at FFH, when considering the number of species. As for the final score, the results showed that surface swabs were the best sampling method. The results obtained for surface swabs highlights the low complexity of this processing combined with the fact that it is a low-cost sampling method. This study reinforces the need to use a wide array of sampling methods when assessing occupational exposure to fungal contamination to ensure an accurate risk characterization.
An oral live attenuated vaccine strategy against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV)
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/2019-nCoV) infection has become a pandemic called COVID-19. The virus binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and TMPRSS2 which are abundantly expressed on various human cells including lung epithelial cells and intestinal cells and the virus can infect these cells. Currently no specific treatments or vaccines are available for this disease. A per oral live attenuated vaccine can be a good strategy in SARS-CoV-2 infection because the attenuated virus initially infects the gut, stimulates the mucosa associated immune system sparing the respiratory system during the initial immune response. The live virus can also spread in the community boosting herd immunity.
NHF in klinischen Situationen: Akute Exacerbationen der COPD
Exazerbationen sind bedeutsame Ereignisse für Patienten mit chronisch-obstruktiver Lungenerkrankung (COPD) und haben nachteilige Auswirkungen auf die Progression und Lebensqualität. Häufige Exazerbationen sind mit einer erhöhten Mortalität assoziiert. Im Vordergrund der Therapie steht die Behandlung mit β2-Sympathikomimetika und Anticholinergika, Glukokortikoiden und mit Antibiotika. Eine Hypoxie wird oftmals mit Sauerstoff-Applikationen ausgeglichen, jedoch kann eine unkontrollierte hohe Sauerstoff-Gabe eine Erhöhung der Sterblichkeit bewirken [1]. Daher wird eine Titration der Sauerstoffgabe mit einer Zielsättigung von 88 – 92% in Kombination mit regelmäßigen Blutgasanalysen empfohlen. Patienten mit einer akuten hyperkapnischen Ateminsuffizienz und respiratorischer Azidose (pH < 7,35) zeigen eine hohe Letalität. Daher ist die sofortige Einleitung einer nichtinvasiven Beatmung (NIV) notwendig. Wie ein aktuelles Cochrane Review zeigt, kann die Sterblichkeit hierdurch um 46% und die Notwendigkeit für eine Intubation sogar um 64% gesenkt werden [2]. Entgegen dieser klaren wissenschaftlichen Datenlage stellt sich die Versorgungsrealität in Europa konträr dar: Nur bei etwa 82% der Patienten erfolgt die notwendige Blutgasanalyse und nur etwa die Hälfte der Patienten mit einer respiratorischen Azidose werden mit einer NIV behandelt [3]. Eine erhöhte Sterblichkeit der COPD-Patienten aufgrund der fehlenden Umsetzung der klaren wissenschaftlichen Evidenz ist daher zu vermuten.
The role of bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis and outcome of patients with acute respiratory failure
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between a bedside ultrasound evaluation during an episode of acute respiratory failure and the patient’s outcome. A retrospective observatiol study was conducted in the emergency departments (EDs) of two hospitals in Como (Sant’An Hospital and Valduce Hospital) over two years. Two hundred and twenty eight adult patients with acute respiratory failure were recruited for the study. One hundred and eight patients (group A) received immediately a bedside ultrasound diagnostic test by expert investigastors at the time of ED admission, while 120 patients (group B) were evaluated and maged without a prelimiry ultrasound diagnostic approach. The concordance between initial and fil diagnosis was statistically significant in group A vs group B (P<0.01). In-hospital mortality was significantly lower in group A as compared with group B [3 (2.7%) vs 6 (5%), respectively; P<0.01]; in group A only nine patients (8.3%) compared with seventeen patients (14.1%) in group B (P<0.01) were transferred to the intensive care unit for monitoring and treatment. The study proposed is not able to recommend the procedure because it is a retrospective design. In spite of this, our study supports the routine use of ultrasonography for the evaluation of patients having acute respiratory failure.
\Estar tranquila\
Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de descanso de las cuidadoras. Método: estudio cualitativo guiado por los procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada que forma parte de otro más amplio acerca del alivio del peso del cuidado en situaciones de vulnerabilidad. En el estudio participaron 17 cuidadoras de familiares con demencia avanzada que fueron seleccionas con propósito. Los datos se recolectaron por medio de 17 entrevistas semiestructuradas. El análisis de datos se hizo basado en los procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: las cuidadoras no descansan como antes lo hacían, tal experiencia es interpretada, a menudo es incompleta y depende del bienestar del familiar enfermo. La tranquilidad emerge en el estudio como el elemento central de esta nueva experiencia de descanso. Descansar ahora es una experiencia interpretada y que conlleva un trabajo de organización y emocional. Las cuidadoras crean y pactan condiciones que les proporcione tranquilidad para poder descansar. Conclusiones: el presente estudio profundiza en la experiencia de aliviar del peso del cuidado y destaca la connotación moral presente en el cuidado familiar. Conocer cómo descansan las cuidadoras y qué es lo que subjetivamente les proporciona descanso, no sólo contribuirá a que los profesionales de la salud lo promuevan y apoyen, sino también evitará culpabilizarlas por no querer o poder descansar. Los servicios de apoyo han de considerar el cambio que ha tenido para las cuidadoras la experiencia del descanso en sus vidas.