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Hydrate-based CO2 sequestration is a novel approach that can not only realize permanent CO2 sequestration but can also form an artificial cap to prevent its upward migration. In this work, a self-developed large-scale 3D apparatus was employed to investigate hydrate formation characteristics in hydrate-based CO2 sequestration at a constant liquid CO2 injection rate through a vertical well for the first time. Temperature and pressure evolutions in the sediment were analyzed in detail. Key indicators, including cumulative sequestered CO2, CO2 in hydrate and liquid phases, the instantaneous hydrate conversion, and liquid CO2 retention rates, were calculated. The results show that hydrate continuously forms with increased CO2 injection and exhibits strong heterogeneity due to the variation in hydrate formation rate and quantity. Severe liquid CO2 heterogeneous figuring phenomena occur since hydrate deteriorates the effective pore structure and topology, resulting in relatively small cumulative sequestered CO2 when a large amount of CO2 is released from the outlet. Meanwhile, the instantaneous hydrate conversion and liquid CO2 retention rates have large fluctuations owing to water consumption and variation in the effective contact area between liquid CO2 and water. However, hydrate formation does not cause blockage of wellbore and formation nearby under given experimental conditions, which is beneficial for hydrate formation in deeper sediment. This study provides insights into hydrate formation and liquid CO2 immigration regularity during hydrate-based CO2 sequestration and demonstrates its feasibility at a field scale.

To examine the effectiveness of a Humanoid Diagram Teaching Strategy (HDTS) on care capabilities and retention of novice nurses. Guiding novice nurses in clinical practice is a matter of concern and the use of diagrams in assisting the learning process and to promote learning efficiency has been acknowledged. This is a quasi-experimental study with asynchronous repeated measurements for the experimental and control groups. The study was conducted in a medical centre in southern Taiwan with 24 novice nurses. The intervention, Humanoid Diagrams Teaching Strategy, contained three parts: the head and neck; trunk; and limbs. The HDTS was applied three time weekly. Each session lasted approximately 30 min and the training lasted 4 weeks. The effectiveness of HDTS was measured using Mini-CEX, CbD and retention rates in the 3rd and 6th months of novice nurses’ experience. After the HDTS, although increases in mini-CEX and CbD scores in the experimental group were greater than the control group, these differences were not statistically significant after considering the time interaction. But the 3rd month and 6th month novice nurses’ retention rates were statistically significantly different by comparing the differences under the time interaction effects in both groups. The Humanoid Diagram Teaching Strategy is an effective tool for preceptors to use in assisting novice nurses in learning, improving their nursing care knowledge and technical skills and to increase their retention rate.

Background： It is important to choose an appropriate antiepileptic drug （AED） to manage partial epilepsy. Traditional AEDs, such as carbamazepine （CBZ） and valproate （VPA）, have been proven to have good therapeutic effects. However, in recent years, a variety of new AEDs have increasingly been used as first-line treatments for partial epilepsy. As the studies regarding the effectiveness of new drugs and comparisons between new AEDs and traditional AEDs are few, it is determined that these are areas in need of further research. Accordingly, this study investigated the long-term effectiveness of six AEDs used as monotherapy in patients with partial epilepsy. Methods： This is a retrospective, long-term observational study. Patients with partial epilepsy who received monotherapy with one of six AEDs, namely, CBZ, VPA, topiramate （TPM）, oxcarbazepine （OXC）, lamotrigine （LTG）, or levetiracetam （LEV）, were identified and followed up from May 2007 to October 2014, and time to first seizure after treatment, 12-month remission rate, retention rate, reasons for treatment discontinuation, and adverse effects were evaluated. Results： A total of 789 patients were enrolled. The median time of follow-up was 56.95 months. CBZ exhibited the best time to first seizure, with a median time to first seizure of 36.06 months （95% confidential interval： 30.64~4.07）. CBZ exhibited the highest 12-month remission rate （85.55%）, which was significantly higher than those of TPM （69.38%, P = 0.006）, LTG （70.79%, P= 0.001）, LEV （72.54%, P = 0.005）, and VPA （73.33%, P = 0.002）. CBZ, OXC, and LEV had the best retention rate, followed by LTG, TPM, and VPA. Overall, adverse effects occurred in 45.87% of patients, and the most common adverse effects were memory problems （8.09%）, rashes （7.76%）, abnormal hepatic function （6.24%）, and drowsiness （6.24%）. Conclusion： This study demonstrated that CBZ, OXC, and LEV are relatively effective in managing tbcal epilepsy as measured by time to first seizure, 12-month remission rate, and retention rate.

The lifetime of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) insulated cables will decrease because of complex aging processes. From the safety perspective, insulation condition assessment of the cable is essential to maintain an efficient and reliable operation. As a nondestructive and online evaluation method, a hardness retention rate was used to estimate the lifetime of cable. First, accelerated thermal aging tests in the laboratory were performed to measure the elongation at break retention rate (EAB%) and a hardness retention rate at different temperatures. Second, the aging values were processed by the Arrhenius equation and time temperature superposition to assess aging lifetime of insulation at different temperatures and end levels. As the insulation condition assessment of the cable by hardness retention test has no approved standard, the EAB% data were correlated with hardness retention to provide an evaluation basis. The results show that when EAB% picks out the time corresponding to a certain amount of 50% degradation, 10% of hardness retention was chosen as the termination index.

Objective: To evaluate and describe retention rates and weight loss in clients participating in a commercial weight loss program. Subjects: A total of 60 164 men and women ages 18-79 years who enrolled in the Jenny Craig Platinum program between May 2001 and May 2002. Methods: Retention rates, mean weight loss and percent weight loss were calculated on a weekly basis for the 52-week period following initial enrollment in the weight loss program. Clients were categorized based on final week of participation in the program (weeks 1-4, weeks 5-13, weeks 14-26, weeks 27-39 and weeks 40-52) and weight loss was calculated at final week. A subgroup of clients was identified based on attendance through 13, 26 and 52 weeks. Mean and percent weight loss was calculated for these subgroups of clients. Results: Of the 60 164 men and women who enrolled in the weight loss program, 73% were retained in the program after 4 weeks, 42% at 13 weeks, 22% at 26 weeks and 6.6% at 52 weeks. Clients who dropped out of the program during the first 4 weeks lost 1.1+/-1.6% (mean+/-s.d.) of their initial body weight, whereas clients who dropped out between 40 and 52 weeks lost 12.0+/-7.2%. Clients in the 13-week, 26-week and 52-week cohorts lost 8.3+/-3.3, 12.6+/-5.1 and 15.6+/-7.5% of their initial body weight, respectively. Conclusion: Weight loss was greater among clients who were retained in the program longer. The findings from this study suggest that a commercial weight loss program can be an effective weight loss tool for individuals who remain active in the program.

Shape editability combined with a self‐healing capability and long‐term cycling durability are highly desirable properties for wearable supercapacitors. Most wearable supercapacitors have rigid architecture and lack the capacity for editability into desirable shapes. Through sandwiching hydrogel electrolytes between two electrodes, a suite of wearable supercapacitors that integrate desirable properties namely: repeated shape editability, excellent self‐healing capability, and long‐term cycling durability is demonstrated. A strategy is proposed to enhance the long‐term cycling durability by utilizing hydrogel electrolytes with unique cross‐linking structures. The dynamic crosslinking sites are formed by quadruple H bonds and hydrophobic association, stabilizing the supercapacitors from inorganic ion disruption during charge–discharge processes. The fabricated supercapacitors result in the capacitance retention rates of 99.6% and 95.8% after 5000 and 10 000 charge–discharge cycles, respectively, which are much higher than others reported in the literature. Furthermore, the supercapacitor sheets can be repeatedly processed into various shapes without any capacitance loss. The supercapacitors exhibit a 95% capacitance retention rate after five cutting/self‐healing cycles, indicative of their excellent self‐healing performance. To demonstrate real‐life applicability, the wearable supercapacitors are successfully used to power a light‐emitting diode and an electronic watch. A suite of wearable supercapacitors integrates the desirable properties of repeated shape editability, excellent self‐healing capability, and long‐term cycling durability. The supercapacitor sheets are repeatedly programmed into a series of shapes with no apparent loss in capacitance during the shape editing process. A strategy is proposed to enhance the long‐term cycling durability by utilizing hydrogel electrolytes with unique cross‐linking structures.

Background/aimsAdalimumab (ADA) has been shown to be an effective treatment for Behçet’s disease (BD)-related uveitis. We aimed at evaluating the cumulative retention rate of ADA during a 48-month follow-up period in patients with BD-related uveitis, the impact of a concomitant use of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on ADA retention rate, and differences according to the various lines of biologic therapy (ie, first- vs second-line or more). Predictive factors of response to ADA were also investigated.MethodsWe enrolled patients diagnosed with BD-related uveitis and treated with ADA between January 2009 and December 2016. Cumulative survival rates were studied using the Kaplan-Meier plot, while the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used to compare survival curves. Statistical analysis was performed to identify differences according to the response to ADA.Results54 consecutive patients (82 eyes) were eligible for analysis. The drug retention rate at 12- and 48-month follow-up was 76.9% and 63.5%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were identified according to the use of concomitant DMARDs (p=0.27) and to the different lines of ADA treatment (p=0.37). No significant differences were found between patients continuing and discontinuing ADA in terms of age (p=0.24), age at BD onset (p=0.81), age at uveitis onset (p=0.56), overall BD duration (p=0.055), uveitis duration (p=0.46), human leucocyte antigen-B51 positivity (p=0.51), and gender (p=0.47).ConclusionsADA retention rate in BD-related uveitis is excellent and is not affected by the concomitant use of DMARDs or by the different lines of biological therapy. Negative prognostic factors for BD uveitis do not impact ADA efficacy.

BackgroundAutologous fat grafting is common in facial reconstructive and cosmetic surgeries; the most important drawbacks are the high absorption rate and unpredictable volume retention rate. Surgeons usually make clinical judgements based on their own experience. Therefore, this study aimed to systematically and quantitatively review the volume retention rate of facial autologous fat grafting and analyse the relevant influencing factors.MethodsA systematic literature review was performed using the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases in October 2019 for articles that reported objectively measured volume retention rates of facial fat grafting. Patient characteristics, fat graft volumetric data, and complications were collected. A meta-analysis using a random-effects model was conducted to pool the estimated fat retention rate. Relevant factors were analysed and reviewed on the basis of subgroups.ResultsWe included 27 studies involving 1011 patients with facial fat grafting. The volume retention rate varied from 26 to 83%, with a mean follow-up of 3–24 months. The overall pooled retention rate was 47% (95% CI 41–53%). The volume measurement method significantly influenced the reported retention rate. A trend towards better retention was found for secondary fat grafting procedures and patients with congenital deformities. Only 2.8% of all patients had complications.ConclusionThe exact percentage of facial fat grafts retained is currently unpredictable; the reported rate varies with different estimation methods. This review analysed studies that provided objectively measured volume retention rates, the pooled average percentage of facial fat graft retention (47%, 95% CI 41–53%), and relevant factors.Level of Evidence IIIThis journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.

Background Evidence-based and student-centered instructional methods hold the promise of transforming undergraduate STEM education and simultaneously solving the dual challenge of STEM workforce needs and inequities within STEM. The Learning Assistant (LA) Model was created to reform curriculum, recruit teachers, and inform discipline-based education research. Numerous studies have shown positive impacts on students and Learning Assistants (LAs) in terms of retention and pass rates, learning outcomes, attitudinal shifts, and emotional support. Several studies have explored demographic differences and found that LAs help close the gap in retention rates for women and first-generation students. While short-term effects have been well documented, the long-term effects on students’ college retention and completion rates have not been widely studied. We gathered information about LA-adopting institutions identified on the Learning Assistant Alliance website and from individual higher education institutions’ websites. Combining this information with the College Scorecard Database for four-year U.S. institutions allows us to examine student retention and graduation rates after these institutions have adopted the LA model and look for differences in both the student and university characteristics included in the dataset. We are interested in determining if there is a difference between LA-adopting and non-LA-adopting institutions in terms of their student outcomes. Results These LA-adopting institutions have larger enrollments and are more likely to award graduate degrees. Students in LA-adopting institutions are more likely to be younger with lower percentages of females, first generation, and Black students. No significant differences in the percentages of Hispanic students or in the average costs per student were observed in our study. Using regression analysis, we find LA-adopting institutions have significantly higher retention and completion rates. Conclusions Since LA-adopting institutions have different characteristics than non-LA institutions, these differences should be considered in future studies examining the impact of the LA model. After controlling for these differences in our study, we find that institutions with the LA model have 4 to 15 percentage points higher college completion rate and they have better outcomes for Hispanic and Black students. These findings suggest that increasing the adoption of the LA model may contribute to reducing inequity in STEM.

Experiment and mechanism studies on the enrichment of Pb, Cd, Zn, As, and Cr by modified kaolin were investigated during MSW (municipal solid waste) pyrolysis at 450 ~ 650 °C. The results showed that γAlOK(micro- and nano-γAl 2 O 3 by hydrothermal method modified kaolin) was relatively selective for the solid phase enrichment of Cr and As, while CaHPK (CaHPO 4 impregnated modified kaolinite) was more advantageous for the adsorption of Pb and Zn, which might be related to the thermal stability of γAl 2 O 3 and the thermal conversion of CaHPO 4 . Compared with the original kaolin, the adsorption and retention capacity of γAlOK for As was improved by 20 ~ 30%. Moreover, the retention rate of modified kaolin for Cd decreased from 66.75 to 30.30% at 450 ~ 650 ℃, and the effect of temperature on the volatilization of Cd was always greater than the active components on the surface of modified kaolin. In the fluidized bed experiment, the physical mixing of different modified kaolin achieves complementary advantages on the retention capacity of heavy metals. In addition, the ∆E between Ca 2 P 2 O 7 and PbCl 2 is smaller than that of γAl 2 O 3 at 500 ~ 650 °C, i.e., their electron transfer induction is stronger, and therefore more favorable for electron transfer and stable chemical bond formation.