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Multidrug Resistance: An Emerging Crisis
The resistance among various microbial species (infectious agents) to different antimicrobial drugs has emerged as a cause of public health threat all over the world at a terrifying rate. Due to the pacing advent of new resistance mechanisms and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it results in failure of microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Almost all the capable infecting agents (e.g., bacteria, fungi, virus, and parasite) have employed high levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) with enhanced morbidity and mortality; thus, they are referred to as “super bugs.” Although the development of MDR is a natural phenomenon, the inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, inadequate sanitary conditions, inappropriate food-handling, and poor infection prevention and control practices contribute to emergence of and encourage the further spread of MDR. Considering the significance of MDR, this paper, emphasizes the problems associated with MDR and the need to understand its significance and mechanisms to combat microbial infections.
Journal Article
Food Processing and Maillard Reaction Products: Effect on Human Health and Nutrition
Maillard reaction produces flavour and aroma during cooking process; and it is used almost everywhere from the baking industry to our day to day life to make food tasty. It is often called nonenzymatic browning reaction since it takes place in the absence of enzyme. When foods are being processed or cooked at high temperature, chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars leads to the formation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs). Depending on the way the food is being processed, both beneficial and toxic MRPs can be produced. Therefore, there is a need to understand the different types of MRPs and their positive or negative health effects. In this review we have summarized how food processing effects MRP formation in some of the very common foods.
Journal Article
Is the vLamax for Glycolysis What the $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$ V˙O2 max is for Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are the two truly major energy metabolism pathways in humans. While maximal oxygen uptake ( $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$ V˙O2 max) has been used for a century as a whole-body measure of maximal oxidative phosphorylation, there is no universally accepted, comparable measure of maximal glycolysis. However, already in 1984, Alois Mader introduced the maximal rate of lactate accumulation in mmol/kg/s related to active muscle weight (vLamaxmuscle) for his mathematical model of human exercise metabolism. In 1994, on the basis of a critical analysis of glycolytic tests at the time, Mader proposed a practical test of the maximal rate of lactate accumulation in mmol per litre of earlobe or fingertip blood per second, corrected for alactic time (talac), that is measured during an ~ 10–15-s all-out exercise test (vLamaxblood). The variant vLamaxblood differs from the original vLamaxmuscle, as it is normalized to 1 L of blood volume and is today measured as the maximal rate of blood lactate accumulation in mmol/L/s. To measure it, participants typically perform a 10–15-s all-out test followed by quantification of the rise of the blood lactate concentration from pre-test to the maximum after exercise. Some few seconds of a 10–15-s all-out test are “alactic” and should be subtracted from the work time to more accurately estimate the vLamaxblood. However, (1) glycolytic flux is unlikely to be truly maximal during an all-out exercise test, (2) peak glycolytic flux occurs only briefly, (3) there is no criterion for reaching the vLamaxblood, (4) there is no correction for lactate clearance in the time from exercise cessation to blood sampling, (5) there is no correction for ATP resynthesis by oxidative phosphorylation and (6) the talac correction is error-prone. Therefore, we propose the peak rate of lactate accumulation in mmol/L/s in arterialized earlobe or fingertip blood during an all-out exercise test lasting 10–15 s (vLapeak) as a simplified estimate of peak glycolytic rate analogous to the $$\\dot{V}{\\text{O}}_{{2}}$$ V˙O2 peak. In contrast to the vLamaxblood, the vLapeak is not corrected for talac. Modelling using Alois Mader’s model of human exercise metabolism suggests that (with everything else being the same) a higher vLamaxmuscle will (a) improve performance in events where a large part of the hydrolysed ATP is resynthesized by glycolysis, (b) cause a leftward shift of the lactate curve and (c) increase carbohydrate usage and accelerate glycogen depletion at a given exercise intensity. There is large potential for research on the validation and improvement of vLapeak tests for athletes, healthy sedentary individuals and patients. This research should improve estimation of vLamaxmuscle from vLapeak and experimentally test the modelling predictions of the effects of changes in vLamaxmuscle on exercise performance and fatigue.
Journal Article
Making our democracy work : a judge's view
Justice Breyer discusses what the Court must do going forward to maintain that public confidence and argues for interpreting the Constitution in a way that works in practice. He forcefully rejects competing approaches that look exclusively to the Constitution's text or to the eighteenth-century views of the framers. Instead, he advocates a pragmatic approach that applies unchanging constitutional values to ever-changing circumstances--an approach that will best demonstrate to the public that the Constitution continues to serve us well.-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Cancer Cell Adhesion and Metastasis: Selectins, Integrins, and the Inhibitory Potential of Heparins
Cell adhesion molecules play a significant role in cancer progression and metastasis. Cell-cell interactions of cancer cells with endothelium determine the metastatic spread. In addition, direct tumor cell interactions with platelets, leukocytes, and soluble components significantly contribute to cancer cell adhesion, extravasation, and the establishment of metastatic lesions. Clinical evidence indicates that heparin, commonly used for treatment of thromboembolic events in cancer patients, is beneficial for their survival. Preclinical studies confirm that heparin possesses antimetastatic activities that lead to attenuation of metastasis in various animal models. Heparin contains several biological activities that may affect several steps in metastatic cascade. Here we focus on the role of cellular adhesion receptors in the metastatic cascade and discuss evidence for heparin as an inhibitor of cell adhesion. While P- and L-selectin facilitation of cellular contacts during hematogenous metastasis is being accepted as a potential target of heparin, here we propose that heparin may also interfere with integrin activity and thereby affect cancer progression. This review summarizes recent findings about potential mechanisms of tumor cell interactions in the vasculature and antimetastatic activities of heparin.
Journal Article