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In a randomized trial involving previously untreated patients with metastatic intermediate- or poor-risk renal-cell cancer, nivolumab plus ipilimumab was associated with higher response rates, longer overall survival, and greater improvement in quality of life than sunitinib.

Investigation of the social framing of human-shark interactions may provide useful strategies for integrating social, biological, and ecological knowledge into national and international policy discussions about shark conservation. One way to investigate social opinion and forces related to sharks and their conservation is through the media's coverage of sharks. We conducted a content analysis of 300 shark-related articles published in 20 major Australian and U.S. newspapers from 2000 to 2010. Shark attacks were the emphasis of over half the articles analyzed, and shark conservation was the primary topic of 11% of articles. Significantly more Australian articles than U.S. articles treated shark attacks (χ 2 = 3.862; Australian 58% vs. U.S. 47%) and shark conservation issues (χ 2 = 6.856; Australian 15% vs. U.S. 11%) as the primary article topic and used politicians as the primary risk messenger (i.e., primary person or authority sourced in the article) (χ 2 = 7.493; Australian 8% vs. U.S. 1%). However, significantly more U.S. articles than Australian articles discussed sharks as entertainment (e.g., subjects in movies, books, and television; χ 2 = 15.130; U.S. 6% vs. Australian 1%) and used scientists as the primary risk messenger (χ 2 = 5.333; U.S. 25% vs. Australian 15%). Despite evidence that many shark species are at risk of extinction, we found that most media coverage emphasized the risks sharks pose to people. To the extent that media reflects social opinion, our results highlight problems for shark conservation. We suggest that conservation professionals purposefully and frequently engage with the media to highlight the rarity of shark attacks, discuss preventative measures water users can take to reduce their vulnerability to shark encounters, and discuss conservation issues related to local and threatened species of sharks. When integrated with biological and ecological data, social-science data may help generate a more comprehensive perspective and inform conservation practice. La investigacióndel marco social de las interacciones humanos-tiburones puede proporcionar estrategias útiles para la integración de conocimiento social, biológico y ecológico en las discusiones de políticas nacionales e internacionales para la conservación de tiburones. Una manera de investigar la opinión y fuerzas sociales relacionadas con tiburones y su conservación es a través de la cobertura de los medios sobre tiburones. Realizamos un análisis de contenido de 300 artículos relacionados con tiburones publicados de 2000 a 2010 en 20 periódicos australianos y norteamericanos. Los ataques de tiburones fueron el enfásis de más de la mitad de los artículos analizados, y la conservación de tiburones fue el tema primario de 11% de los artículos. Significativamente más artículos australianos que norteamericanos trataron los ataques de tiburón (χ 2 = 3.862; australianos 58% vs. norteamericanos 47%) y temas de conservación de tiburón (χ 2 = 6.856; australianos 15% vs. norteamericanos 11%) como el tema principal del artículo y utilizaron a políticos como el principal mensajero de riesgo (i.e., persona o autoridad primaria fuente del artículo) (χ 2 = 7.493; norteamericanos 8% vs. australianos 1%). Sin embargo, significativamente más artículos norteamericanos que australianos discutieron a los tiburones como entretenimiento (e.g., sujetos en películas, libros y televisión; χ 2 = 15.130; norteamericanos 6% vs. australianos 1%) y usaron a científicos como el principal mensajero de riesgo (χ 2 = 5.333; norteamericanos 25% vs. asutralianos 15%). No obstante la evidencia de muchas especies de tiburón están en riesgo de extinción, encontramos que la mayoría de la cobertura de los medios enfatizó los riesgos que representan los tiburones para humanos. En el sentido en que los medios reflejan la opinión social, nuestros resultados resaltan los problemas para la conservación de tiburones. Sugerimos que profesionales de la conservación se comprometan con los medios, con determinación y frecuencia, para resaltar la rareza de los ataques de tiburones, discutir medidas preventivas que los usuarios pueden tomar para reducir su vulnerabilidad a encuentros con tiburones y discutir temas de conservación relacionados con especies de tiburones locales y amenazadas. Datos de la ciencia social, incorporados a datos biológicos y ecológicos, pueden ayudar a generar una perspectiva integral y proporcionar información a la práctica de la conservación.

Different childhood experiences may affect adult health differently. To explore the association of different types of positive childhood experiences(PCEs) and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with risky behaviours and mental health indicators, andhow PCEs and ACEs are associated with health outcomes in the context of each other. This was an exploratory cross-sectional online survey including 332 university students in Hong Kong. ACEs (abuse and household challenges), PCEs (perceived safety, positive quality of life, and interpersonal support), risky behaviours (smoking, binge drinking, and sexual initiation), and mental health indicators(depression, anxiety, loneliness, self-rated health, multimorbidity, meaning in life, and life satisfaction)were measured. The multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated cumulative effects of PCEs in lowered risks of depression, anxiety, loneliness, as well as better self-rated health, life satisfaction, and meaning in life (p < .05), after adjusting for ACEs. Results also indicated that ACEs had an increasing relationship with poorer mental health indicators, such as anxiety, loneliness, and life satisfaction (p < .05), after adjusting for PCEs. There was also an adverse association between having ≥4 ACEs with smoking and binge drinking. In addition, each type of PCE and ACE was significantly associated with one or more risky behaviours and mental health indicators. Stratified results showed that PCEs had stronger associations with mental health indicators in participants with fewer ACEs. Furthermore, ACEs had stronger associations with mental health indicators in participants with more PCEs than in those with fewer PCEs. In this study, PCE was proven to be an independent protective factor against poor mental health after accounting for ACE. ACE was also proven to be an independent risk factor for poor mental health and risky behaviours. These findings suggest a crucial need for the active promotion of PCEs and the prevention of child maltreatment. The results of subtypes and stratifications can be taken into consideration when developing targeted interventions in the future. PCE is an independent protective factor against poor mental health after accounting for ACE. ACE is an independent risk factor for poor mental health and risky behaviours. PCEs and ACEs have different associations with health outcomes in the context of one another.

Elements of Financial Risk Management offers an introduction to modern risk management.It focuses on implementation, especially recent techniques which facilitate bridging the gap between standard textbooks on risk and real-life risk management systems.It identifies key features of risk asset returns and captures them in tractable statistical.

Decision makers and researchers recognize the need to effectively confront the social dimensions and conflicts inherent to invasive species research and management. Yet, despite numerous contentious situations that have arisen, no systematic evaluation of the literature has examined the commonalities in the patterns and types of these emergent social issues. Using social and ecological keywords, we reviewed trends in the social dimensions of invasive species research and management and the sources and potential solutions to problems and conflicts that arise around invasive species. We integrated components of cognitive hierarchy theory and risk perceptions theory to provide a conceptual framework to identify, distinguish, and provide understanding of the driving factors underlying disputes associated with invasive species. In the ISI Web of Science database, we found 15,915 peer‐reviewed publications on biological invasions, 124 of which included social dimensions of this phenomenon. Of these 124, 28 studies described specific contentious situations. Social approaches to biological invasions have emerged largely in the last decade and have focused on both environmental social sciences and resource management. Despite being distributed in a range of journals, these 124 articles were concentrated mostly in ecology and conservation‐oriented outlets. We found that conflicts surrounding invasive species arose based largely on differences in value systems and to a lesser extent stakeholder and decision maker's risk perceptions. To confront or avoid such situations, we suggest integrating the plurality of environmental values into invasive species research and management via structured decision making techniques, which enhance effective risk communication that promotes trust and confidence between stakeholders and decision makers.

Conservation outcomes are uncertain. Agencies making decisions about what threat mitigation actions to take to save which species frequently face the dilemma of whether to invest in actions with high probability of success and guaranteed benefits or to choose projects with a greater risk of failure that might provide higher benefits if they succeed. The answer to this dilemma lies in the decision maker's aversion to risk—their unwillingness to accept uncertain outcomes. Little guidance exists on how risk preferences affect conservation investment priorities. Using a prioritization approach based on cost effectiveness, we compared 2 approaches: a conservative probability threshold approach that excludes investment in projects with a risk of management failure greater than a fixed level, and a variance‐discounting heuristic used in economics that explicitly accounts for risk tolerance and the probabilities of management success and failure. We applied both approaches to prioritizing projects for 700 of New Zealand's threatened species across 8303 management actions. Both decision makers’ risk tolerance and our choice of approach to dealing with risk preferences drove the prioritization solution (i.e., the species selected for management). Use of a probability threshold minimized uncertainty, but more expensive projects were selected than with variance discounting, which maximized expected benefits by selecting the management of species with higher extinction risk and higher conservation value. Explicitly incorporating risk preferences within the decision making process reduced the number of species expected to be safe from extinction because lower risk tolerance resulted in more species being excluded from management, but the approach allowed decision makers to choose a level of acceptable risk that fit with their ability to accommodate failure. We argue for transparency in risk tolerance and recommend that decision makers accept risk in an adaptive management framework to maximize benefits and avoid potential extinctions due to inefficient allocation of limited resources.

In recent years, climate change has increasingly come to be seen as one of the principal threats to future global financial stability. This article identifies and critiques the emerging consensus among international financial regulators as to how this threat-the key perceived components of which are also delineated-can best be managed. It shows that the preferred approach mirrors hegemonic postfinancial crisis regulatory practice vis-à-vis financial stability risk more generically: prioritization of market discipline underpinned by risk disclosure. The article characterizes this approach as a quintessentially neoliberal modality of governance. It also argues that insofar as this approach relies on financial market workings and financial institutional behaviors explicitly belied by the financial crisis, it risks precisely the type of \"climate Minsky moment\" regulators aim to avoid.

Population viability analysis (PVA) is useful in management of imperiled species. Applications range from research design, threat assessment, and development of management frameworks. Given the importance of PVAs, it is essential that they be rigorous and adhere to widely accepted guidelines; however, the quality of published PVAs is rarely assessed. We evaluated the quality of 160 PVAs of 144 species of birds and mammals published in peer-reviewed journals from 1990 to 2017. We hypothesized that PVA quality would be lower with generic programs than with custom-built programs; be higher for those developed for imperiled species; change over time; and be higher for those published in journals with high impact factors (IFs). Each included study was evaluated based on answers to an evaluation framework containing 32 questions reflecting whether and to what extent the PVA study adhered to published PVA guidelines or contained important PVA components. All measures of PVA quality were generally lower for studies based on generic programs. Conservation status of the species did not affect any measure of PVA quality, but PVAs published in high IF journals were of higher quality. Quality generally declined over time, suggesting the quantitative literacy of PVA practitioners has not increased over time or that PVAs developed by unskilled users are being published in peer-reviewed journals. Only 18.1% of studies were of high quality (score > 75%), which is troubling because poor-quality PVAs could misinform conservation decisions. We call for increased scrutiny of PVAs by journal editors and reviewers. Our evaluation framework can be used for this purpose. Because poor-quality PVAs continue to be published, we recommend caution while using PVA results in conservation decision making without thoroughly assessing the PVA quality. El análisis de viabilidad poblacional (AVP) es útil para el manejo de especies en peligro. La gama de aplicaciones incluye el diseño de la investigación, la valoración de amenazas y el desarrollo de marcos de trabajo para el manejo. Ya que los AVP son de suma importancia, es esencial que sean rigorosos y se adhieran a las directrices aceptadas por la mayoría; sin embargo, rara vez se examina. la calidad de los AVP publicados Evaluamos la calidad de 160 AVP para 144 especies de aves y mamíferos publicados en revistas con revisión por pares desde 1990 hasta 2017. Nuestra hipotesis consistió en que la calidad del AVP sería más baja con programas genéricos que con programas hechos a la medida; sería más alta para los programas desarrollados para especies en peligro; la calidad cambiaría con el tiempo; y la calidad sería más alta para los AVP publicados en revistas con un alto factor de impacto (VI). Cada estudio que incluimos fue evaluado con base en las respuestas a un marco de trabajo de evaluación que contenía 32 preguntas, las cuales reflejaban si y cuánto se adherían los AVP a las directrices publicadas para los AVP o si contenía componentes importantes de AVP. Todas las medidas de la calidad de los AVP fueron generalmente más bajas para los estudios basados en programas genéricos. El estado de conservación de las especies no afectó ninguna de las medidas de la calidad de los AVP, pero aquellos publicados en revistas con un VI alto tuvieron una mayor calidad. La calidad, en general, declinó con el tiempo, lo que sugiere que el alfabetismo cuantitativo de quienes practican los AVP no ha incrementado con el tiempo o que se están publicando AVP desarrollados por usuarios con poca práctica en revistas con revisión por pares. Sólo el 18.1% de los estudios fue de calidad alta (puntaje > 75%), lo cual es preocupante porque los AVP de baja calidad podrían mal informar las decisiones de conservación. Pedimos un incremento en el escrutinio de los AVP por parte de los editores y revisores. Nuestro marco de trabajo de evaluación puede usarse para este propósito. Ya que todavía se publican AVP con baja calidad, recomendamos que se tomen precauciones cuando se usen los resultados de un AVP en la toma de decisiones de conservación sin evaluar minuciosamente la calidad de dicho estudio. 种群生存力分析 (population viability analysis, PVA) 是濒危物种管理的有效工具, 其应用笵围包括研究设 计 、 威胁评估及管理框架开发等 。 鉴 于 PVA 分析的重要性, 它们应当确保严谨 、 遵守普遍接受的准则, 然而,已 发表的 PVA 分析的质量却很少得到评估 。 本研究评估了 1990 至 2017 年间在同行评议期刊上发表的针对 144 种 鸟类及哺乳动物的 160 项 PVA 分析的质量 。 我们假设自行设定程序的 PVA 质量应比使用通用程序的更高;针对 濒危物种的 PVA 质量更高; PVA 质量随时间变化;发表在高影响因子期刊上的 PVA 质量更高 。 我们基于包含三 十二个问题的评估框架评估了每项纳入分析的研究,这些问题反映了 PVA 研究是否及在多大程度上遵守了已发 布 的 PVA 指南或包含了重要的 PVA 组成部分 。 结果表明, 使用通用程序的研究的 PVA 质量在所有指标上都较 低, 物种的濒危情况没有影响 PVA 质量,而发表在高影响因子的斯刊上的 PVA 质量更高 。 此外, PVA 质量普遍 随时间推移而下降, 这 表 明 PVA 实践者的定量推理能力没有与时倶进,或是同行评议斯刊上发表了非熟练使用 者开发的 PVA 研究 。 我们认为只有 18.1% 的研究属于高质量研究 ( 评分 >75%), 这个结果十分令人担忧,因为低 质量的 PVA 分析可能会误导保护决策 。 因此, 我们呼吁斯刊编辑和审稿人加强对 PVA 分析的审查,而我们的评 估框架就可以用于该目的 。 由于低质量的 PVA 还在持续发表,我们建议在保护决策中应谨慎使用未经彻底评估 质量的 PVA 結果 。