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Purpose: This study investigated the content and construct validity of the Reflective-Metacognitive Learning (RML) Model, and the effectiveness of the RML Model in comparison with Cognitive-Metacognitive Learning (CML) Model in improving students' metacognitive knowledge, skills, and awareness after the learning process. Methodology: This experimental study began with developing the RML Model, which covered planning, development and evaluation. A focus group discussion involving four experts in science education was conducted to determine the validity of the RML Model and its supporting devices in terms of content validity and construct validity. An experimental study using a randomized pretest-posttest control group design was then implemented on forty senior high school students to evaluate the effectiveness of the RML Model against the CML Model. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistically. Findings: The results showed that the RML Model was highly valid in terms of content validity and construct validity, Metacognitive knowledge increased to a high degree, while metacognitive skills and awareness increased to a medium degree. Based on the results, it was concluded that the RML Model was valid and more effective than the CML Model in terms of improving students' metacognitive ability. Significance: The RML Model, which is marked by the reflection of thinking processes as the core,is expected to improve students' metacognitive ability.

This study presents a one-step encapsulation method for synthesizing X-shaped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-8) and immobilizing Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML). We proved that the morphological structure of ZIF-8 had changed after immobilization with enhanced characterization using a field-emission scanning electron microscope, an energy-dispersive spectrometer, a transmission electron microscope, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, and powder X-ray diffraction. The surface area and pore size of the carrier were investigated before and after immobilization using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda methods, respectively. RML@ZIF-8 exhibited high recovery activity of up to 2632%, representing a 26-fold increase in its free lipase. Encapsulated RML was used for biodiesel production from soybean oil in an isooctane system with a conversion yield of 95.6% under optimum conditions. The resulting reusability of the immobilized enzyme indicated no substantial decline in the conversion yield, which remained at 84.7% of the initial activity after 10 cycles. The stability and high performance of the immobilized enzyme are attributed to the harmony between RML and ZIF-8 based on the easy synthesis of ZIF-8 and the short time required to immobilize RML.

Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) was immobilized onto chitosan support in the presence of some surfactants added at low levels using two different strategies. In the first approach, the enzyme was immobilized in the presence of surfactants on chitosan supports previously functionalized with glutaraldehyde. In the second one, after prior enzyme adsorption on chitosan beads in the presence of surfactants, the complex chitosan beads-enzyme was then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The effects of surfactant concentrations on the activities of free and immobilized RML were evaluated. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) promoted an inhibition of enzyme activity while the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 caused a slight increase in the catalytic activity of the free enzyme and the derivatives produced in both methods of immobilization. The best derivatives were achieved when the lipase was firstly adsorbed on chitosan beads at 4 °C for 1 h, 220 rpm followed by cross-link the complex chitosan beads-enzyme with glutaraldehyde 0.6% v.v −1 at pH 7. The derivatives obtained under these conditions showed high catalytic activity and excellent thermal stability at 60° and 37 °C. The best derivative was also evaluated in the synthesis of two flavor esters namely methyl and ethyl butyrate. At non-optimized conditions, the maximum conversion yield for methyl butyrate was 89%, and for ethyl butyrate, the esterification yield was 92%. The results for both esterifications were similar to those obtained when the commercial enzyme Lipozyme® and free enzyme were used in the same reaction conditions and higher than the one achieved in the absence of the selected surfactant.

The study of prion biology has traditionally relied on transgenic mouse models, which, while valuable, require significant time and resources to develop. Here, we present a rapid and flexible alternative using adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vectors to express modified prion proteins in PrP‐knockout (PrP‐KO) mice. Through systematic evaluation of multiple AAV constructs, we optimized vector design by comparing different CNS‐specific promoters and regulatory elements to generate prion disease models capable of faithfully propagating the inoculated prion strain. We identified an optimized AAV construct incorporating the human synapsin promoter, MVM enhancer, and WPRE posttranscriptional regulatory element encapsidated in the AAV9P31 serotype to drive neuron‐specific expression of modified mouse PrP (W144Y epitope) and bank vole I109 PrP (W145Y epitope). Following intravenous administration, we achieved brain‐wide expression at levels comparable to or even exceeding endogenous PrP in some regions. When challenged with mouse‐adapted RML prions or human Gerstmann‐Sträussler‐Scheinker (GSS‐A117V) disease‐causing prions, AAV‐PrP mice developed characteristic signs of prion disease with accelerated kinetics (58–106 days post‐inoculation for RML; 105–112 dpi for GSS‐A117V), displaying features typical of each strain. Serial transmission of AAV‐generated RML prions to wild‐type mice confirmed preservation of strain‐specific properties (165 ± 4 dpi), validating the authenticity of prion propagation in this system. This approach provides a versatile platform for rapidly generating and studying prion variants in an authentic brain environment. By reducing model generation time from months to weeks, this system enables accelerated investigation of prion structure–function relationships, strain properties, and therapeutic strategies, with potential applications extending to other protein misfolding diseases. We developed a rapid AAV‐based system to generate prion disease models in weeks rather than months. Following systemic AAV9P31 delivery of modified PrP to knockout mice, we achieved brain‐wide expression and successful propagation of both classical (RML) and atypical (GSS‐A117V) prion strains. Serial transmission confirmed preservation of strain‐specific properties, validating this platform for accelerated prion research.

Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of rhabdomyolysis (RML) following bariatric surgery and potential associated factors. Materials and Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL for relevant trials from database inception through August 2022. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they reported the prevalence of RML after bariatric surgery and provided at least one of the following outcome indicators: preoperative mean BMI/mean operative time for the included population. Results Sixteen studies with a total of 1540 patients were analyzed. The mean preoperative age distribution of the included patients was centered between 32.9 and 47.0 years, and the mean preoperative BMI ranged from 42.3 to 60.0 kg/m 2 . The operative time varied between 126.7 and 403.3 min. The overall pooled crude prevalence of post-bariatric surgery RML was 19.4%. Subgroup analyses showed the pooled prevalence of RML was 8.1% for operative duration > 120 and ≤ 180 min, 32.8% for > 180 and ≤ 240 min, and 47.4% for > 240 min. Meta-regression revealed that operation time was an independent risk factor for developing RML. Besides, BMI > 50 kg/m 2 and open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) indicated a higher risk of RML. Conclusion Post-bariatric surgery RML prevalence occurred more frequently with the extension of the operation time. For bariatric subjects with surgery time > 180 min, open RYGB, or BMI > 50 kg/m 2 , CKP could be routinely measured early to verify the presence of RML and to actively prevent its fatal complications. Graphical Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between exposure to ambient air pollution (nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter) and children’s respiratory diseases (asthma, pneumonia, chronic/acute upper/lower respiratory infections) in Casablanca, the largest city in Morocco, by combining principal component analysis and multiple regression method. The best environment-disease quantitative relationship model with 95% confidence interval was found between asthma and two air pollutants including sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. The current study showed that two ambient air pollutants, nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide, were positively associated with childhood respiratory diseases in four major prefectures in the city of Casablanca. In contrast, particulate matter values do not appear to better reflect these health effects and were not significantly associated with respiratory emergency department visits to children during the study period. The strong positive correlations between sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide indicate that the characteristics and origins of emission for these elements might be similar.

We consider thirty generalizations of BCK algebras (RM, RML, BCH, BCC, BZ, BCI algebras and many others). We investigate the property of commutativity for these algebras. We also give 10 examples of proper commutative finite algebras. Moreover, we review some natural classes of commutative RML algebras and prove that they are equationally definable.

Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative disorders associated with the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrP C ) into an abnormal misfolded form named PrP Sc . Other than accumulating in the brain, PrP Sc can bind PrP C and force it to change conformation to PrP Sc . The exact mechanism which underlies the process of PrP C /PrP Sc conversion still needs to be defined and many molecules or cofactors might be involved. Several studies have documented an important role of PrP C to act as receptor for abnormally folded forms of α-synuclein which are responsible of a group of diseases known as synucleinopathies. The presence of PrP C was required to promote efficient internalization and spreading of abnormal α-synuclein between cells. In this work, we have assessed whether α-synuclein exerts any role in PrP Sc conversion and propagation either in vitro or in vivo. Indeed, understanding the mechanism of PrP C /PrP Sc conversion and the identification of cofactors involved in this process is crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies. Our results showed that PrP Sc was able to efficiently propagate in the brain of animals even in the absence of α-synuclein thus suggesting that this protein did not act as key modulator of prion propagation. Thus, α-synuclein might take part in this process but is not specifically required for sustaining prion conversion and propagation.

Integrating social networks data in the process of promoting business and marketing applications is widely addressed by several researchers. However, regarding the isolation between social network platforms managing such data has become a challenging task facing data scientist. In this respect, the present paper is designed to put forward a special semantic data integration approach, whereby a unified presentation and access to social networks data can be maintained. To this end, the novel SNOWL (Social Network OWL) ontology aims to provide a new social network content modeling, following the UPON Lite ontology-construction methodology. The advanced ontology is not created from scratch; it is but a continuation of some previously devised ontologies, elaborated to integrate an additional selection of newly incorporated social entities, such as content and user popularity. Additionally, and for an effective advantage of the model to be gained, a special mapping of the social networks data has been firstly implemented to the designed ontology, developed on the basis of the RML mapping language. Secondly, the SNOWL ontology is evaluated through the OOPS! Pitfall tool. Finally, a set of SPARQL-based services has also been designed on top of the SNOWL ontology in a bid to ensure a unified access to the mapped social data.

As increasingly diverse tasks are being processed on single multi-functional machine, production scheduling has become a critical issue in the planning and management of manufacturing processes. However, the majority of production scheduling literature ignores machine availability and assumes that machine is available all the time. In reality, machines physically deteriorate with increased usage and time. Thus, there is an intense need for manufacturing industries to reduce unexpected breakdowns and remain competitive, and motivating maintenance operations should be integrated into production scheduling models. With the advancements in sensor and prognostic technologies, machine’s condition can be monitored and assessed over time through conducting predictive maintenance. Hence, based on this scheme, this study proposes a single-machine-based scheduling model incorporating production scheduling and predictive maintenance. A machine’s effective age and remaining maintenance life are introduced to describe machine degradation. Finally, a numerical example is given; the computational results show that this integrated scheduling model has better performance than those existing models, which proves its efficiency.