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Little is known about the insect viruses in wheat sawfly, Dolerus tritici , which is an important agricultural insect feeding on wheat leaves. Here, we used RNA sequencing to identify a novel single positive-strand RNA virus from the larvae of wheat sawfly collected in northern China and then determined its complete genome sequence by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The complete genome is 9,594 nt in length, including a polyA tail at its 3′ terminus, and it is predicted to encode a 326.3-kDa polyprotein. Phylogenetic analysis based on deduced amino acid sequences of the polyprotein revealed that this RNA virus clustered in a clade with deformed wing virus of the genus Iflavirus , family Iflaviridae. The full genome of this RNA virus shows 42.0–50.0% sequence identity with other iflaviruses. Comparisons of amino acid sequences showed that the coat protein of this RNA virus is most similar to that of slow bee paralysis virus, with 33.6% identity, suggesting that this virus is a new member in the genus Iflavirus . Thus, we have tentatively designated it as “Dolerus tritici iflavirus 1” (DtIV1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of an insect virus in wheat sawfly.

In this study, a novel virus isolated from Nigrospora oryzae, tentatively named \"Nigrospora oryzae mycovirus 1\" (NoMyV1), was identified. NoMyV1 has a non-segmented dsRNA genome that is 2891 bp in length and contains two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORF1 and 2). ORF1 encodes a protein with sequence similarity to the putative capsid proteins or hypothetical proteins of other unclassified viruses, while ORF2 encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Sequence comparisons showed that NoMyV1 was most similar to Penicillium janczewskii Beauveria bassiana-like virus 1 (PjBblV1), with 76.12% amino acid sequence identity in the RdRp. In a phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp sequences, NoMyV1 was found to cluster with several other unclassified viruses for which a new genus, \"Unirnavirus\", which is distinct from the family Partitiviridae, has been proposed. Thus, we conclude that NoMyV1 is a novel member of the proposed genus \"Unirnavirus\".

The virus family Phenuiviridae (order Hareavirales, comprising segmented negative-sense single stranded RNA viruses) has highly diverse members that are known to infect animals, plants, protozoans, and fungi. In this study, we identified a novel phenuivirus infecting a strain of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica isolated from a small brown plant hopper (Laodelphax striatellus), and this virus was tentatively named \"Cordyceps javanica negative-strand RNA virus 1\" (CjNRSV1). The CjNRSV1 genome consists of three negative-sense single stranded RNA segments (RNA1–3) with lengths of 7252, 2401, and 1117 nt, respectively. The 3′- and 5′-terminal regions of the RNA1, 2, and 3 segments have identical sequences, and the termini of the RNA segments are complementary to each other, reflecting a common characteristic of viruses in the order Hareavirales. RNA1 encodes a large protein (∼274 kDa) containing a conserved domain for the bunyavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) superfamily, with 57–80% identity to the RdRP encoded by phenuiviruses in the genus Laulavirus. RNA2 encodes a protein (∼79 kDa) showing sequence similarity (47–63% identity) to the movement protein (MP, a plant viral cell-to-cell movement protein)-like protein (MP-L) encoded by RNA2 of laulaviruses. RNA3 encodes a protein (∼28 kDa) with a conserved domain of the phenuivirid nucleocapsid protein superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis using the RdRPs of various phenuiviruses and other unclassified phenuiviruses showed CjNRSV1 to be grouped with established members of the genus Laulavirus. Our results suggest that CjNRSV1 is a novel fungus-infecting member of the genus Laulavirus in the family Phenuiviridae.

Conidiobolus sensu lato, a genus within the family Ancylistaceae, encompasses a diverse range of fungal species that are widely distributed in plant debris and soil. In this study, we identified three double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses coinfecting a strain of Conidiobolus taihushanensis. These viruses were identified as Conidiobolus taihushanensis totivirus 1 (CtTV1), Conidiobolus nonsegmented RNA virus 1–2 (CNRV1-2), and Conidiobolus taihushanensis virus 1 (CtV1). Through high-throughput sequencing and RNA-ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-RACE), we determined their complete genome sequences. The genome of CtTV1 is 6,921 nucleotides in length, containing two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a 1,124-amino-acid capsid protein (CP) with a molecular weight of 125.07 kDa, and ORF2 encodes a 780-amino-acid RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) with a molecular weight of 88.05 kDa. CNRV1-2, approximately 3.0 kb in length, also contains two ORFs, which are predicted to encode a 186-amino-acid hypothetical protein (HP) and a 758-amino-acid RdRp. CtV1 has a smaller genome consisting of 3,081 base pairs (bp) with two ORFs: one encoding a 244-amino-acid HP (26.85 kDa) and the other encoding a 707-amino-acid RdRp (80.64 kDa). Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp sequences revealed that CtTV1 shows the highest similarity to Phytophthora pluvialis RNA virus 1, with 38.79% sequence identity, and clusters with members of the family Orthototiviridae, and it is most closely related to Utsjoki toti-like virus. In contrast, CtV1 formed a unique branch and might represent a new genus. The genome sequence of CNRV1-2 is 99.74% identical to that of the previously described Conidiobolus non-segmented RNA virus 1 (CNRV1). Our findings indicate that CtTV1 and CtV1 are distinct novel viruses, while CNRV1-2 appears to be a variant of CNRV1. This study enhances our understanding of the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships among mycoviruses associated with C. taihushanensis.

In this study, we isolated a novel mycovirus from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae strain YY-1, which we named “Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae mycovirus 1” (LpMyV1). The complete genome of LpMyV1 is 2877 bp in length and contains two non-overlapping open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2). ORF1 encodes a putative protein of 316 amino acids with a molecular weight of 34.1 kDa that shares similarity with the coat proteins of several mycoviruses. ORF2 encodes a protein of 561 amino acids with a molecular weight of 63.2 kDa that contains a conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain. BLASTp results showed that the RdRp of LpMyV1 shares the highest similarity with those of non-segmented dsRNA viruses. A multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis indicated that LpMyV1 is a new member of the proposed genus “ Unirnavirus ”. This is the first report of a mycovirus from L. pseudotheobromae .

Here, we identified a new mycovirus infecting the phytopathogenic fungus Nigrospora oryzae, which we have designated \"Nigrospora oryzae partitivirus 2\" (NoPV2). The genome of NoPV2 consists of two dsRNA segments (dsRNA 1 and dsRNA 2), measuring 1771 and 1440 bp in length, respectively. dsRNA 1 and dsRNA 2 each contain a single open reading frame (ORF) that encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and capsid protein (CP), respectively. A BLASTp search showed that the RdRp of NoPV2 had significant sequence similarity to the RdRps of other partitiviruses, including Nigrospora sphaerica partitivirus 1 (75.61% identity) and Magnaporthe oryzae partitivirus 1 (67.53% identity). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that NoPV2 is a new member of the genus Gammapartitivirus in the family Partitiviridae. This study provides important information for understanding the diversity of mycoviruses in N. oryzae.

A new double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus, tentatively named \"Valeriana jatamansi cryptic virus 1\" (VJCV1, GenBank accession nos. PP482519 and PP482520), was isolated from diseased Valeriana jatamansi Jones plants exhibiting vein-banding in Yunnan. Its complete genome sequence was determined using metatranscriptomic and Sanger sequencing. The genome of VJCV1 consists of two dsRNA of different size, namely dsRNA1 (2,026 bp) and dsRNA2 (1,754 bp), which are predicted to encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp, 616 aa) with molecular weight of 72.6 kDa and coat protein (CP, 491 aa) with molecular weight of 55.8 kDa, respectively. The non-coding region of dsRNA in VJCV1 is predicted to have a stem-loop structure and a poly(A) tail that are unique to the members of the genus Alphapartitivirus . Multiple sequence alignments showed that the RdRp and CP of VJCV1 shared the highest amino acid sequence identity (86.2% and 56.1%, respectively) with red clover cryptic virus 1 (RCCV1). These values are below the threshold for creating new species within the genus Alphapartitivirus . Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp and CP sequences showed that VJCV1 clustered independently from members of the genus Alphapartitivirus , with RCCV1 being the closest relative. It is therefore suggested that VJCV1 should be considered a member of a new species of the genus Alphapartitivirus in the family Partitiviridae . This is the first report of a member of the genus Alphapartitivirus infecting a plant of the genus Valeriana .

Human blood-associated partitivirus (HuBPV) was first identified through metagenomic analysis of serum samples from two Peruvians, but its natural host remains unknown. Here, we report the detection of an HuBPV strain (HuBPV-Bm) in the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris maydis strain HN11 in Hubei Province, China. The dsRNA1 and dsRNA2 of HuBPV-Bm show more than 97.6% and 98.8% nucleotide sequence identity, respectively, to those from the metagenomically discovered HuBPV strain (HuBPV-M). Notably, HuBPV-Bm contains a third dsRNA segment that was not reported for HuBPV-M. All mycelia derived from individual asexual spores of HN11 tested positive for HuBPV-Bm, as did nine out of 293 B. maydis strains collected across Hubei.

Penicillium astrolabium is a primary pathogenic fungus that causes grape blue mold during postharvest, leading to substantial losses in the grape industry. Nevertheless, hypovirulence-associated mycoviruses can attenuate the virulence of postharvest grape-rot pathogens, thereby offering a promising biocontrol tool. Characterizing the mycovirus repertoire of P. astrolabium is imperative for grape protection, yet remains largely unexplored. Here, we screened six strains harboring viruses in 13 P. astrolabium isolates from rotted grapes. Using high-throughput sequencing, four novel dsRNA viruses and two +ssRNA viruses were identified from the six P. astrolabium strains. The dsRNA viruses belonged to two families—Chrysoviridae and Partitiviridae—and were designated to Penicillium astrolabium chrysovirus 1 (PaCV1), Penicillum astrolabium partitivirus 1′ (PaPV1′), Penicillum astrolabium partitivirus 2 (PaPV2), and Penicillum astrolabium partitivirus 3 (PaPV3). For the +ssRNA viruses, one was clustered into the Alphaflexiviridae family, while the other one was clustered into the Narnaviridae family. The two +ssRNA viruses were named Penicillium astrolabium alphaflexivirus 1 (PaAFV1) and Penicillium astrolabium narnavirus 1 (PaNV1), respectively. Moreover, several viral genomic contigs with non-overlapping and discontinuous sequences were identified in this study, which were probably representatives of five viruses from four families, including Discoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Botourmiaviridae, and Picobirnaviridae. Taken together, our findings could expand the diversity of mycoviruses, advance the understanding of mycovirus evolution in P. astrolabium, and provide both potential biocontrol resources and a research system for dissecting virus–fungus–plant interactions.

Summary We found that transcriptome and genome profiles of Zika virus–infected human tissues show important similarities and differences to tissues infected by other flaviviruses such as dengue. We also found 2 pathways in Zika-infected tissues known to regulate inflammation. Abstract Background The difficulty in distinguishing infection by Zika virus (ZIKV) from other flaviviruses is a global health concern, particularly given the high risk of neurologic complications (including Guillain-Barré syndrome [GBS]) with ZIKV infection. Methods We developed quantitative frameworks to compare and explore infectome, diseasome, and comorbidity of ZIKV infections. We analyzed gene expression microarray and RNA-Seq data from ZIKV, West Nile fever (WNF), chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis virus, GBS, and control datasets. Using neighborhood-based benchmarking and multilayer network topology, we constructed relationship networks based on the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database and our identified significant genes. Results ZIKV infections showed dysregulation in expression of 929 genes. Forty-seven genes were highly expressed in both ZIKV and dengue infections. However, ZIKV shared <15 significant transcripts with other flavivirus infections. Notably, dysregulation of MAFB and SELENBP1 was common to ZIKV, dengue, and GBS infection; ATF5, TNFAIP3, and BAMB1 were common to ZIKV, dengue, and WNF; and NAMPT and PMAlP1 were common to ZIKV, GBS, and WNF. Phylogenetic, ontologic, and pathway analyses showed that ZIKV infection most resembles dengue fever. Conclusions We have developed methodologies to investigate disease mechanisms and predictions for infectome, diseasome, and comorbidities quantitatively, and identified particular similarities between ZIKV and dengue infections.