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Background Although the 2018 revised International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) classification was proposed recently, until now, no reports have been made comparing the association of renal prognosis between the 2018 revised ISN/RPS classification and the 2003 ISN/RPS classification. The present study aimed to assess the usefulness, especially of activity and chronicity assessment, of the 2018 revised ISN/RPS classification for lupus nephritis (LN) in terms of renal prognosis compared to the classification in 2003. Methods We retrospectively collected medical records of 170 LN patients from the database of renal biopsy at Fujita Health University from January 2003 to April 2019. Each renal biopsy specimen was reevaluated according to both the 2003 ISN/RPS classification and the 2018 revised ISN/RPS classification. Renal endpoint was defined as a 30% decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Results A total of 129 patients were class III/IV±V (class III, 44 patients; class IV, 35 patients; class III/IV+V, 50 patients). The mean age was 42 years, 88% were female, and the median observation period was 50.5 months. Renal prognosis was significantly different among the classes and significantly poor in the patients with higher modified National Institute of Health (mNIH) chronicity index (C index, ≥ 4) by a log-rank test ( p  = 0.05 and p  = 0.02, respectively). By Cox proportional hazard models, only the C index was significantly associated with renal outcome (hazard ratio 1.32, 95% CI 1.11–1.56, p  ≤ 0.01), while the classes, the 2003 activity and chronicity subdivision, and the mNIH activity index had no significant association with renal outcome. Each component of the C index was significantly associated with renal outcome in different models. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the 2018 revised ISN/RPS classification was more useful in terms of association with renal prognosis compared to the 2003 ISN/RPS classification.

Despite their remarkable biosynthetic potential, Bacillus subtilis have been widely overlooked. However, their capability to withstand harsh conditions (extreme temperature, Ultraviolet (UV) and γ-radiation, and dehydration) and the promiscuous metabolites they synthesize have created increased commercial interest in them as a therapeutic agent, a food preservative, and a plant-pathogen control agent. Nevertheless, the commercial-scale availability of these metabolites is constrained due to challenges in their accessibility via synthesis and low fermentation yields. In the context of this rising in interest, we comprehensively visualized the antimicrobial peptides produced by B. subtilis and highlighted their prospective applications in various industries. Moreover, we proposed and classified these metabolites produced by the B. subtilis group based on their biosynthetic pathways and chemical structures. The biosynthetic pathway, bioactivity, and chemical structure are discussed in detail for each class. We believe that this review will spark a renewed interest in the often disregarded B. subtilis and its remarkable biosynthetic capabilities.

In the present paper, a new technique Laplace residual power series (L-RPS) method is used for presenting approximate solutions (ASs) of the nonlinear fractional Fisher partial differential equation (NLFF-PDE), and then, we make a comparison between our results and that obtained via residual power series (RPS) method in the literature [ 1 ]. Moreover, we show that the 1st and 2nd coefficients of RPS-ASs obtained in [ 1 ] are identical to Eq. (2.12) and (2.16), respectively. In addition, we have corrected and improved the following error results seen in [ 1 ]: Firstly, we find that the 3rd, 4th and 5th coefficients of RPS-ASs are not agreement with Eqs. (2.20)–(2.22) that obtained in [ 1 , Page 85]. Secondly, the authors in [ 1 ] misused used Caputo fractional derivative (C-FD) D 2 α in Eq. (2.18) on page 84 which leads the terms in Eqs. (2.19) and f 3 ( x ) , f 4 ( x ) and f 5 ( x ) in Eqs. (2.20)-(2.22) are incorrect. Finally, we present the numerical and graphical solutions of fractional Fisher logistic model (FFLM) based on our new approach. To check the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of our proposed technique, we compute the absolute error for the ASs of L-RPS, sinc-collocation-finite difference (SCFD) and RPS methods.

Plant disease resistance genes are widely used in agriculture to reduce disease outbreaks and epidemics and ensure global food security. In soybean, Rps (Resistance to Phytophthora sojae ) genes are used to manage Phytophthora sojae , a major oomycete pathogen that causes Phytophthora stem and root rot (PRR) worldwide. This study aims to identify temporal changes in P. sojae pathotype complexity, diversity, and Rps gene efficacy. Pathotype data was collected from 5121 isolates of P. sojae , derived from 29 surveys conducted between 1990 and 2019 across the United States, Argentina, Canada, and China. This systematic review shows a loss of efficacy of specific Rps genes utilized for disease management and a significant increase in the pathotype diversity of isolates over time. This study finds that the most widely deployed Rps genes used to manage PRR globally, Rps1a , Rps1c and Rps1k , are no longer effective for PRR management in the United States, Argentina, and Canada. This systematic review emphasizes the need to widely introduce new sources of resistance to P. sojae , such as Rps3a , Rps6 , or Rps11 , into commercial cultivars to effectively manage PRR going forward. Rps genes are used to manage the major soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae , which causes Phytophthora stem and root rot (PRR). Here, the authors show that widely used Rps genes are no longer effective for managing PRR in the United States, Canada and Argentina.

Strict regulation of epithelial cells is crucial for maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and preventing intestinal diseases. While transcriptional regulation is well recognized as vital in this process, translational regulation is equally important. SETD2, a methyltransferase, is involved in transcriptional regulation to maintain intestinal epithelial barrier function. However, its role in translation remains largely unexplored. Here, we found SETD2 deficiency leads to the downregulation of ribosome biogenesis progress coupled with transcriptome‐proteome discordance. Further ribosome profiling sequencing analyses showed reduced translational efficiency of cell adhesion and junction signatures in impaired intestinal epithelial barrier. Mechanistically, SETD2 ablation causes dysregulation and recruitment disorders of ribosome biogenesis factors, impairing the composition and distribution of ribosomal proteins. This disruption of ribosome biogenesis and homeostasis results in translational disorder of barrier maintenance genes, thereby compromising the intestinal barrier. Collectively, our findings unveil a previously unappreciated role of ribosome biogenesis and translational regulation in safeguarding intestinal epithelial barrier, and disclose a previously undiscovered role of SETD2 in modulating ribosome homeostasis.

Phytophthora root and stem rot (PRSR) disease results in substantial losses in soybean production worldwide. The occurrence of PRSR caused by Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann & Gerdemann has become increasingly important for soybean production in the Republic of Korea, but domestic soybean–P. sojae interaction has been less studied. The disease has been managed by developing varieties harboring resistance to the Phytophthora sojae (Rps) gene. The present study aimed to identify a major gene locus conferring resistance to new P. sojae isolate 2858 in the recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between parental lines ‘Daepung’ (susceptible) and ‘Saedanbaek’ (resistant). Seventy-three recombination inbred lines (RILs) were evaluated for resistance to P. sojae isolate 2858. A resistance locus was identified in the approximate 3.3–4.3 megabase pair region on chromosome 3 using both single-marker and linkage analyses. The Rps of Saedanbaek (RpsSDB) was located on the well-known Rps gene/allele cluster region, which also partially overlapped with a locus previously identified in the Korean soybean variety, ‘Daewon’, resistant to another P. sojae isolate 2457 (RpsDW). Approximately 402 kilobase pairs of the interval region overlapped, including six nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR)-coding genes. Additional phenotypic assays revealed that Saedanbaek was susceptible to isolate 2457 and that Daewon was susceptible to isolate 2858, indicating that RpsSDB and RpsDW are different genes or alleles that confer race-specific resistance to the two P. sojae isolates. These results provide information that will be helpful for breeders developing P. sojae-resistant cultivars.

The soybean–Phytophthora sojae interaction operates on a gene‐for‐gene relationship, where the product of a resistance gene (Rps) in the host recognizes that of an avirulence gene (Avr) in the pathogen to generate an incompatible reaction. To exploit this form of resistance, one must match with precision the appropriate Rps gene with the corresponding Avr gene. Currently, this association is evaluated by phenotyping assays that are labour‐intensive and often imprecise. To circumvent this limitation, we sought to develop a molecular assay that would reveal the avirulence allele of the seven main Avr genes (Avr1a, Avr1b, Avr1c, Avr1d, Avr1k, Avr3a, and Avr6) in order to diagnose with precision the pathotypes of P. sojae isolates. For this purpose, we analysed the genomic regions of these Avr genes in 31 recently sequenced isolates with different virulence profiles and identified discriminant mutations between avirulence and virulence alleles. Specific primers were designed to generate amplicons of a distinct size, and polymerase chain reaction conditions were optimized in a final assay of two parallel runs. When tested on the 31 isolates of known virulence, the assay accurately revealed all avirulence alleles. The test was further assessed and compared to a phenotyping assay on 25 isolates of unknown virulence. The two assays matched in 97% (170/175) of the interactions studied. Interestingly, the sole cases of discrepancy were obtained with Avr3a, which suggests a possible imperfect interaction with Rps3a. This molecular assay offers a powerful and reliable tool to exploit and study with greater precision soybean resistance against P. sojae. This study describes a molecular assay capable of defining the pathotypes of P. sojae and offers a powerful and reliable tool to exploit and study with greater precision soybean resistance against P. sojae.

In this article, the solution of the time-fractional Phi-4 equation is investigated. We implement the residual power series method to approximate the solution of this equation. Numerical results are presented. In addition, the effects of the fractional order on the Phi-4 are discussed graphically.

This study explores the asymmetry between comprehension and production by examining the learning of English relative clauses versus participial phrases by two groups of Persian native speakers who were learning English as a foreign language. The research administered a grammaticality judgment test (GJT) and a translation test (TT) to elicit data on the structural patterns of A and B. Both patterns had subject relative clauses, modifying the main clauses’ objects; the verbs of the dependent clause were transitive in pattern A, but they were intransitive in pattern B. The results of GJT showed that L2 processing was neither influenced by learners’ proficiency nor by the type of structural patterns. However, the results of TT proved that proficiency level and structural patterns caused variations in learners’ performance. Moreover, the overall results of GJT and TT indicated that learners’ comprehension of certain structures preceded their production. Results were also interpreted under the predictions of Perspective Shifting and Interpretability Hypothesis. This study uncovers a phenomenon that cannot be explained by reference to the assumptions of these hypotheses. Consequently, it introduces the new model of 'Thematic Argument Perspective'.