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Increasing access to health workers in remote and rural areas through improved retention : global policy recommendations
Half the world's people currently live in rural and remote areas. The problem is that most health workers live and work in cities. This imbalance is common to almost all countries and poses a major challenge to the nationwide provision of health services. Its impact, however, is most severe in low income countries. There are two reasons for this. One is that many of these countries already suffer from acute shortages of health workers - in all areas. The other is that the proportion of the population living in rural regions tends to be greater in poorer countries than in rich ones. The World Health Organization (WHO) has therefore drawn up a comprehensive set of strategies to help countries encourage health workers to live and work in remote and rural areas. These include refining the ways students are selected and educated, as well as creating better working and living conditions. The first step has been to establish what works, through a year-long process that has involved a wide range of experts from all regions of the world. The second is to share the results with those who need them, via the guidelines contained in this document. The third will be to implement them, and to monitor and evaluate progress, and - critically - to act on the findings of that monitoring and evaluation. The guidelines are a practical tool that all countries can use. As such, they complement the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, adopted by the Sixty-third World Health Assembly in May 2010. The Code offers a framework to manage international migration over the medium to longer term. The guidelines are a tool that can be used straight away to address one of the first triggers to internal and international migration - dissatisfaction with living and working conditions in rural areas. Together, the code of practice and
these new guidelines provide countries with instruments to improve workforce distribution and enhance health services. Doing so will address a long-standing problem, contribute to more equitable access to health care, and boost prospects for improving maternal and child health and combating diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
eBook
Rural women's sexuality, reproductive health, and illiteracy
Based on twenty-five years of fieldwork, Rural Women's Sexuality, Reproductive Health, and Illiteracy: A Critical Perspective on Development examines rural women's behaviors towards health in several developing countries.These women are confronted with many factors: gender inequalities, violence from partners, and lack of economic independence.
eBook
Hope over fate : Fazle Hasan Abed and the science of ending global poverty
\"This book tells the story of Fazle Hasan Abed (1936-2019), a former finance executive with almost no experience in relief aid who founded BRAC in 1972. Abed's methods have changed the way global policymakers think about poverty\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Reducing geographical imbalances of health workers in Sub-Saharan Africa : a labor market perspective on what works, what does not, and why
Bridging the Gap: Addressing Health Worker Imbalances in Sub-Saharan Africa
This working paper tackles the critical issue of geographical imbalances in the health workforce across Sub-Saharan Africa. It analyzes labor market dynamics and their impact on urban-rural inequities, offering a fresh perspective on why these imbalances persist.
Discover effective policy options for improving health resource allocation and achieving better health outcomes. This is for researchers, policy analysts, and policymakers seeking to understand and address health workforce challenges in the developing world. Learn how to:
* Analyze health labor markets using economic principles
* Evaluate the effectiveness of different policy interventions
* Improve health system efficiency and reduce poverty
eBook
The Challenging Quest to Improve Rural Health Care
In the United States, rural populations have a lower life expectancy than urban populations and face shortages of health care providers. This report discusses the challenges facing rural health care systems and efforts to expand the rural health care workforce.
Journal Article
Community welfare organisations in rural Myanmar : precarity and parahita
\"This book provides an in-depth study of the moral economies emerging from within conditions of precarity in rural communities in contemporary Myanmar. James C. Scott's seminal work on 'The Moral Economy of the Peasant' argued that peasant notions of subsistence and expectations of reciprocity formed the basis for subsequent rebellion as economic conditions changed and new market forces were introduced. Now, nearly a century on, Michael Griffiths argues that the conditions faced by rural communities in Myanmar remain precarious, but different forms of moral economy shape their responses. In the contemporary context, the moral economy of rural communities is characterized by the emergence of localized, self-organized community welfare associations which adopt a sophisticated iteration of self-help framed by the Buddhist concept of parahita (altruism). This book analyses the performative nature of these welfare organizations as a form of politics, asking how notions of citizenship expressed in these organizations promote more inclusive, or more exclusive practices towards non-Buddhist minorities. At a time when discourse on identity in Myanmar has been dominated by practices of othering and exclusion, this book provides an important analysis of what citizenship and reciprocity means in contemporary rural Myanmar\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Bypassing primary care clinics for childbirth: a cross-sectional study in the Pwani region, United Republic of Tanzania
To measure the extent, determinants and results of bypassing local primary care clinics for childbirth among women in rural parts of the United Republic of Tanzania.
Women were selected in 2012 to complete a structured interview from a full census of all 30076 households in clinic catchment areas in Pwani region. Eligibility was limited to those who had delivered between 6 weeks and 1 year before the interview, were at least 15 years old and lived within the catchment areas. Demographic and delivery care information and opinions on the quality of obstetric care were collected through interviews. Clinic characteristics were collected from staff via questionnaires. Determinants of bypassing (i.e. delivery of the youngest child at a health centre or hospital without provider referral) were analysed using multivariate logistic regression. Bypasser and non-bypasser birth experiences were compared in bivariate analyses.
Of 3019 eligible women interviewed (93% response rate), 71.0% (2144) delivered in a health facility; 41.8% (794) were bypassers. Bypassing likelihood increased with primiparity (odds ratio, OR: 2.5; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.9-3.3) and perceived poor quality at clinics (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.0-1.7) and decreased if clinics recently underwent renovations (OR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.84) and/or performed ≥ 4 obstetric signal functions (OR: 0.19; 95% CI: 0.08-0.41). Bypassers reported better quality of care on six of seven quality of care measures.
Many pregnant women, especially first-time mothers, choose to bypass local primary care clinics for childbirth. Perceived poor quality of care at clinics was an important reason for bypassing. Primary care is failing to meet the obstetric needs of many women in this rural, low-income setting.
Journal Article