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"Rabbits Infancy."
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Structure-dependent degradation of milk oligosaccharides by newly isolated intestinal commensal bacterial strains from suckling piglets and rabbits
Background
Mammalian milk oligosaccharides serve as the first natural prebiotics for newborns, promoting the development of a beneficial gut microbiota. The ability of bacteria to use these complex sugars depends on their structure, but data are limited to bacteria isolated from newborn humans. This study aims to investigate
in vitro
the functional relationship between the structural variability of milk oligosaccharides and the metabolic capacities of newly intestinal commensal bacteria isolated from suckling rabbits and piglets.
Results
A total of 240 anaerobic intestinal bacterial strains were isolated from suckling piglets and rabbits, and 9 strains were cultivated in the presence of structurally different milk oligosaccharides: lacto-N-tetraose, 2’-fucosyllactose, and 3’-sialyllactose or 6’-sialyllactose. Five strains, belonging to
Bacteroides fragilis
,
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
,
Bacteroides
sp. D2,
Bacteroides
sp. 3_1_33FAA and
Phocaeicola vulgatus
were able to utilize milk oligosaccharides. Growth curves revealed that glucose supported faster growth, while, leading to a lower final biomass compared to milk oligosaccharides. Both the growth rate and the final bacterial biomass varied depending on the milk oligosaccharide structure, with higher final biomass reached with 2’-fucosyllactose. The consumption rates of milk oligosaccharides exceeded 40% for all oligosaccharides in
B. fragilis
,
Bacteroides
sp. 3_1_33FAA and
P. vulgatus
strains. Conversely,
B. thetaiotaomicron
with 6’-sialyllactose and
Bacteroides
sp. D2 strains for each milk oligosaccharide displayed a consumption rate below 40%. Milk oligosaccharide fermentation generated a more diverse metabolome compared to glucose. Utilization of milk oligosaccharides increased the production of propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, 2-methylbutyrate and 1,2-propanediol. Remarkably, fermentation of 2’-fucosyllactose resulted in substantial 1,2-propanediol production. Whole genome sequencing of the bacterial strains revealed the presence of diverse glycoside hydrolase in the strains capable of metabolizing milk oligosaccharides.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the capacity of diverse intestinal commensal bacteria from suckling rabbits and piglets to ferment diverse milk oligosaccharide structures, revealing species-specific and milk oligosaccharide structure-dependent metabolization profiles. These findings highlight the potential application of milk oligosaccharides as prebiotic supplements to support gut health in farm animals.
Journal Article
Baby bunnies
Children will love reading about different breeds of rabbits and how they raise their babies. This captivating introduction features wonderful photographs of both wild and and pet rabbits as well as facts about their bodies, where they live, and their life cycle.
Book
Use of a booster dose of capsular group C meningococcal glycoconjugate vaccine to demonstrate immunologic memory in children primed with one or two vaccine doses in infancy
•Immunologic memory can be demonstrated by a MenC conjugate vaccine (MenCC) challenge.•The immune response to a MenCC boost distinguishes primed from unprimed children.•The type and number of MenCC doses used for infant priming affects immunologic memory.
Use of a polysaccharide vaccine challenge to demonstrate immunologic memory after priming with capsular group C meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MenCC) risks induction of immunologic hyporesponsiveness. For this reason, MenCC vaccines are now used as probes of immunologic memory, however, no studies have demonstrated their ability to distinguish primed from unprimed children.
This study was part of a randomised controlled trial investigating the immunogenicity of a booster dose of the combined Haemophilus influenzae type b and MenC-tetanus toxoid vaccine (Hib-MenC-TT) in infants receiving reduced dose MenCC vaccine priming schedules (one MenC-CRM/MenC-TT or two MenC-CRM vaccine doses) compared with an unprimed group. Antibody kinetics were studied in a subset of 269 children by measuring changes in the MenC serum bactericidal antibody, using rabbit complement, (MenC rSBA) titres and MenC specific IgG memory B-cells before and at 6 and 28days following the 12month booster vaccination.
At 6days after the 12monthMenCC vaccine, the rise in MenC rSBA titres and MenC specific IgG memory B-cells of the primed groups were significantly higher than the infant MenCC naïve group. Participants primed with one MenC-TT dose had the highest increase in MenC rSBA titres compared with all other groups. The MenC rSBA titres at the 28th compared with the 6th day after boosting was significantly higher in those primed with a single MenC-TT/MenC-CRM vaccine in infancy compared with those who were not primed or who were primed with two doses of the MenC-CRM vaccine.
Immunologic memory can be demonstrated by a MenCC booster vaccination but is affected by the type and number of MenCC doses used for infant priming. The MenC rSBA responses can be used to demonstrate successful immunologic priming.
Journal Article
Little white rabbit
As he hops along a little rabbit wonders what it would be like to be green as grass, tall as fir trees, hard as rocks, and flutter like butterflies.
Book
Margaret Hillert's The baby bunny
Easy-to-read text follows the growth, antics, and adventures of a baby bunny.
Book
Baby Rabbits in Your Yard
\"Every spring and summer, many children discover a nest of wild baby cottontail rabbits in their yards...However, to help the rabbits grow up safely, it's best NOT to touch them at all.\" (BABY RABBITS IN YOUR YARD) Find out what to do if you are sure the babies are orphans. Learn how mother rabbits care for their young and how bunnies avoid danger.
Web Resource
Rabbit kits
\"In Rabbit Kits, emergent readers learn about baby rabbits in the forest. Carefully crafted text uses high-frequency words, repetitive sentence patterns, and strong visual references to support emergent readers, ensuring reading success by making sure they aren't facing too many challenges at once.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book