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With new momentum, the Brazilian black movement is working to bring attention to and change the situation of structural racism in Brazil. Black consciousness advocates are challenging Afro-Brazilians to define themselves and politically organize around being black, and more Afro-Brazilians are increasingly doing so. Other segments of the Brazilian black movement are working to influence legislation and implement formal mechanisms that aim to promote racial equality, including Affirmative Action Racial Verification Committees. For advocates of these committees, one needs to be phenotypically black enough to be a more likely target of racism to qualify for Affirmative Action programs. Paradoxically, individuals are told to identify as black but only some people are considered black enough to benefit from these policies. Afro-Brazilians are presented with a whole range of identity choices, from how to classify oneself, to whether one votes for political candidates based on shared racial experiences. Between Brown and Black  argues that Afro-Brazilian activists’ continued exploration of blackness confronts anti-blackness while complicating understandings of what it means to be black. Blending linguistic and ethnographic accounts, this book raises complex questions about current black struggles in Brazil and beyond, including the black movements’ political initiatives and antiracist agenda.

Race has consistently been used as a metric for determining and maintaining social hierarchies and statuses. Despite an increased research focus on race, ethnicity, and identities, distinct racial categories persist and people who are racially ambiguous have largely been overlooked. Racial ambiguity refers to people whose outward presentations are inconsistent with preexisting beliefs about racial categorization (i.e., racial essentialism). Existing research on racial ambiguity has often focused on the social experiences of and perceptions toward racially ambiguous people. Further, being racially ambiguous has historically been conflated with identifying as solely biracial or multiracial. This phenomenological study addresses the existing gap in the literature by reporting on the lived experiences of racially ambiguous people of color with both monoracial and multiracial heritages. The results highlight unique mental health considerations of racially ambiguous participants of color (n = 14), including their cognitive, emotional, and social experiences. Implications and recommendations for counseling professionals are provided.

Social categorization has been viewed as necessarily resulting in stereotyping, yet extant research suggests the two processes are differentially sensitive to task manipulations. Here, we simultaneously test the degree to which race perception and stereotyping are conditionally automatic. Participants performed a sequential priming task while either explicitly attending to the race of face primes or directing attention away from their semantic nature. We find a dissociation between the perceptual encoding of race and subsequent activation of associated stereotypes, with race perception occurring in both task conditions, but implicit stereotyping occurring only when attention is directed to the race of the face primes. These results support a clear conceptual distinction between categorization and stereotyping and show that the encoding of racial category need not result in stereotype activation.

Two experiments assessed how racial ambiguity and racial salience moderates the cross-race effect (CRE). In experiment 1, White and Black participants studied and identified the race of Asian, Black, Latino, and White faces that varied in ethnic typicality (high or low ET). For White participants, the CRE was larger when comparing high-ET White faces to high-ET other-race faces than low-ET other-race faces. Black participants showed a similar CRE reduction by ethnic typicality, but also showed a less prevalent CRE than White participants. Experiment 2 replicated experiment 1 procedures, but without the race identification task and only with White participants. Experiment 2 findings were comparable to experiment 1. Furthermore, experiment 2 showed a noticeably smaller CRE on Black faces than experiment 1, eliciting questions about increased racial salience amplifying the CRE. Results’ general implications and the conceptual roots that indirectly link the CRE and racism will be discussed.

Reactions to individuals who possess features associated with multiple racial groups may be particularly susceptible to external contextual influences, leading to meaningfully different racial perceptions and judgments in different situations. In the present study, we found that an extrinsic race-label cue not only changed evaluative associations activated by a racially ambiguous face, but also changed quickly occurring neural responses sensitive to racial perception. Behaviorally, prototypical Black faces and racially ambiguous faces labeled as Black activated more negative implicit associations than prototypical White faces and racially ambiguous faces labeled as White. Neurally, prototypical faces and racially ambiguous faces cued with the same race elicited similar responses. Specifically, prototypical Black and racially ambiguous faces labeled as Black elicited larger P200s but smaller N200s than prototypical White and racially ambiguous faces labeled as White. These results show that racial perception can be changed by an external cue and this, in turn, influences subsequent evaluative reactions.

Today, identity expression and acceptance represent an important area of political advocacy and representation. Yet, how responsive are voters to new racial identity cues promoted by political leaders? Using candidates with interracial backgrounds as a case study, we assess whether voters are responsive to candidates who assert a mixed-race identity or if voters primarily rely on other traits, such as the candidate’s family background, in determining their support of that candidate. Using an experimental design, this study presents participants with various hypothetical candidates who vary both in their racial heritages (i.e., candidates with Asian and White interracial parents or Black and White interracial parents) and identity choices (i.e., as single-race minority, single-race White, or biracial). We then compare how the mixed-race, single-race minority, and White participants evaluate the candidate. We expect that the mixed-race participants will be most supportive of candidates who signal a common in-group identity by identifying specifically as “biracial”. On the other hand, the single-race minority and White participants should be more likely to adhere to the one-drop rule or hypodescent in their evaluations, meaning they will provide more positive evaluations of interracial candidates who identify as a single-race minority. Our study finds that the single-race minority and White participants completely overlook racial identity cues and instead focus on the description of the candidate’s family heritage along with their own assumptions about hypodescent. The mixed-race participants, on the other hand, show strong support for biracial-identified, in-group political candidates This study adds to a burgeoning literature on racial perception and on political representation.

CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 are major CYP450 enzymes that heavily influence the hepatic metabolism and bioactivation of many medications, including over-the-counter and narrow therapeutic index drugs. Compared to the wild-type alleles, genetic variants in either gene could potentially alter the pharmacokinetics of widely used medications, affect the desired therapeutic outcomes of a drug therapy, or increase the risk of undesired adverse events. The frequency of genetic polymorphisms associated with CYP450 enzymes can widely differ across and between racial and ethnic groups. This narrative review highlights the differences in CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 allele frequencies among European and Asian population subgroups, using published literature. Identifying the substantial differences across European and Asian populations, as well as within Asian subgroups, indicates the need to further scrutinize general population data. Clinical scientists and healthcare providers should advocate for more inclusive clinical pharmacogenomic data and racially and ethnically diverse pharmacogenomic databases. Clinical trials of limited racial and geographical diversity may not necessarily have strong external generalizability for all populations. Furthermore, clinical trials that designate an all-inclusive Asian population consisting of multiple ethnicities may not be adequate due to the perceived genetic differences among Asian subgroups. Gravitating towards a more comprehensive approach to utilizing pharmacogenomic data necessitates granular population-level genetic information which can be leveraged to improve how drug therapies are prescribed, achieve health equity, and advance the future of precision medicine.

Participants (N = 59) performed racial typicality ratings and racial categorization of affectively neutral faces. The authors manipulated facial physiognomy, skin tone, and color presentation mode (gray scale vs. color) independently. Participants perceived Eurocentric faces as more European American in the gray-scale presentation mode than in the color mode. Independent of facial physiognomy, the planned effect of skin tone also emerged: Participants perceived dark skin tone faces as more African American than they did light skin tone faces, but this tendency was especially true with faces presented in color. These findings suggest that color presentation mode plays an important role in altering the perceptions of faces on dimensions critical to the study of stereotyping and prejudice. The common use of gray-scale stimuli may exaggerate physiognomy-based perceptions of racial typicality and category membership, but it may diminish skin-tone-based perceptions in comparison with more realistic color presentations.

The aim of this research is to test the effect of racial categorization activation on the sport satisfaction of newcomers' trainees of soccer academies. One hundred and four participants from four French soccer academies were enrolled - two with an unbalanced racial group composition and two with a balanced composition. Results show that in soccer academies with a balanced racial composition, the sports satisfaction of the black trainees remains relatively stable over time and it decreases among the white students, whereas the evolution of the scores for blacks and whites does not differ significantly in the unbalanced racial composition. The impact of the effects of racial categorization on the sport satisfaction of black and white trainees of soccer academies is discussed.

DNA ancestry tests have emerged in the past two decades as a exponentially growing industry, and advertisements for these products in recent years have permeated households throughout the global West. This research explores the history of nation and race as human social categories and how these concepts relate to modern studies on the consumers of DNA ancestry tests and participants in the hobby of genealogy. Using both quantitative and qualitative content analysis on key pages from the websites of top DNA ancestry testing companies, this research identifies examples of advertising where historical oppression is ignored in favor of highlighting pseudoscientific ideas about identity and enforcing a female gender role as caretaker of both family genetics and cultural traditions. Findings on how DNA ancestry tests are already interpreted by consumers note that white nationalist groups already favor them for promoting claims about the genetic reality of racial categorizations and the existence of genetic purity. The implications of this research are useful in understanding what messages about identity consumers have absorbed from interaction with DNA ancestry companies already, and what future target audiences including children may learn through company advertising.