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New York bike style
Together, these striking images create the ultimate style guide for anyone who pedals their way through the Big Apple. America may be a nation obsessed with automobiles, but today the bicycle is giving the car a run for its money. And while New York is just one of many cities that is implementing new bike friendly policies, the local cyclist population stands out as one of the most diverse, inventive, and stylish in the world. New York Bike Style celebrates this with full-page photographs of riders and their bikes. Photographer Sam Polcer has combed New York's five boroughs looking for subjects who reflect the myriad styles and demographics of the city's cyclists--from Puerto Rican Schwinn aficionados with vintage bikes to fixed gear freaks; from BMX kids honing their bar-spins at skateparks to fashionistas floating down leaf-strewn streets in dresses. Each page is captioned with the subject's name, what kind of bike they ride, where the photo was taken, and where they're headed.
Book
Flow topology in the wake of a cyclist and its effect on aerodynamic drag
Three-dimensional flows around a full-scale cyclist mannequin were investigated experimentally to explain the large variations in aerodynamic drag that are measured as the legs are positioned around the
$360^\\circ $
crank cycle. It is found that the dominant mechanism affecting drag is not the small variation in frontal surface area over the pedal stroke but rather due to large changes in the flow structure over the crank cycle. This is clearly shown by a series of detailed velocity field wake surveys and skin friction flow visualizations. Two characteristic flow regimes are identified, corresponding to symmetrical low-drag and asymmetrical high-drag regimes, in which the primary feature of the wake is shown to be a large trailing streamwise vortex pair, orientated asymmetrically in the centre plane of the mannequin. These primary flow structures in the wake are the dominant mechanism driving the variation in drag throughout the pedal stroke. Topological critical points have been identified on the suction surfaces of the mannequin’s back and are discussed with velocity field measurements to elucidate the time-average flow topologies, showing the primary flow structures of the low- and high-drag flow regimes. The proposed flow topologies are then related to the measured surface pressures acting on the suction surface of the mannequin’s back. These measurements show that most of the variation in drag is due to changes in the pressure distribution acting on the lower back, where the large-scale flow structures having the greatest impact on drag develop.
Journal Article
Maximal aerobic power and anaerobic capacity in cycling across the age spectrum in male master athletes
Purpose
We analyzed the best performance times of master cycling athletes in the 200–3000 m track competitions to estimate the decay of maximal aerobic power (MAP) and anaerobic capacity (AnS) with aging.
Methods
In various decades of age (30–80 years), MAP and AnS were estimated using an iterative procedure as the values that minimize the difference between: (1) the metabolic power (
E
˙
t
) necessary to cover a given distance (
d
) in the time
t
and; (2) the maximal metabolic power (
E
˙
max
t
) maintained at a constant level throughout the competition.
Results
MAP started decreasing at 45 years of age. Thereafter, it showed an average percent rate of decrease of about 16 % for decade, as previously shown in other classes of master athletes. In addition, AnS seemed to decay by about 11 % every 10 years from the second part of the fifth decade.
Conclusions
The decay of MAP occurred in spite of the active lifestyle of the subjects and it may be attributed to the progressive impairment of maximal O
2
delivery and/or of peripheral O
2
utilization. The loss of AnS might derive from the progressive loss of muscle mass occurring after the fifth decade of life, to the progressive qualitative deterioration of the anaerobic energy yielding pathways or to the lower capacity of MN recruitment during maximal efforts. The proposed approach may be applied to other types of human locomotion of whom the relationship between performance
t
and
E
˙
t
is known.
Journal Article
Handcycling: training effects of a specific dose of upper body endurance training in females
Purpose
This study aims to evaluate a handcycling training protocol based on ACSM guidelines in a well-controlled laboratory setting. Training responses of a specific dose of handcycling training were quantified in a homogeneous female subject population to obtain a more in depth understanding of physiological mechanisms underlying adaptations in upper body training.
Methods
22 female able-bodied participants were randomly divided in a training (T) and control group (C). T received 7-weeks of handcycling training, 3 × 30 min/week at 65 % heart rate reserve (HRR). An incremental handcycling test was used to determine local, exercise-specific adaptations. An incremental cycling test was performed to determine non-exercise-specific central/cardiovascular adaptations. Peak oxygen uptake (peak
V
O
2
), heart rate (peakHR) and power output (peakPO) were compared between T and C before and after training.
Results
T completed the training sessions at 65 ± 3 % HRR, at increasing power output (59.4 ± 8.2 to 69.5 ± 8.9 W) over the training program. T improved on handcycling peak
V
O
2
(+18.1 %), peakPO (+31.9 %), and peakHR (+4.0 %). No improvements were found in cycling parameters.
Conclusion
Handcycling training led to local, exercise-specific improvements in upper body parameters. Results could provide input for the design of effective evidence-based training programs specifically aimed at upper body endurance exercise in females.
Journal Article
Black Cyclists
Cycling emerged as a sport in the late 1870s, and from the
beginning, Black Americans rode alongside and raced against white
competitors. Robert J. Turpin sheds light on the contributions of
Black cyclists from the sport's early days through the cementing of
Jim Crow laws during the Progressive Era. As Turpin shows, Black
cyclists used the bicycle not only as a vehicle but as a means of
social mobility--a mobility that attracted white ire. Prominent
Black cyclists like Marshall \"Major\" Taylor and Kitty Knox fought
for equality amidst racist and increasingly pervasive restrictions.
But Turpin also tells the stories of lesser-known athletes like
Melvin Dove, whose actions spoke volumes about his opposition to
the color line, and Hardy Jackson, a skilled racer forced to turn
to stunt riding in vaudeville after Taylor became the only
non-white permitted to race professionally in the United States.
Eye-opening and long overdue, Black Cyclists uses race,
technology, and mobility to explore a forgotten chapter in cycling
history.
eBook
Roads Were Not Built for Cars
In Roads Were Not Built for Cars, Carlton Reid reveals the pivotal—and largely unrecognized—role that bicyclists played in the development of modern roadways. Reid introduces readers to cycling personalities, such as Henry Ford, and the cycling advocacy groups that influenced early road improvements, literally paving the way for the motor car. When the bicycle morphed from the vehicle of rich transport progressives in the 1890s to the \"poor man's transport\" in the 1920s, some cyclists became ardent motorists and were all too happy to forget their cycling roots. But, Reid explains, many motor pioneers continued cycling, celebrating the shared links between transport modes that are now seen as worlds apart. In this engaging and meticulously researched book, Carlton Reid encourages us all to celebrate those links once again.
eBook
