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The electromagnetic spectrum is a vital part of our environment. Measures of radio frequency emissions from natural phenomena enable both practical applications, such as weather predictions and studies of the changing of Earth's climate here at home, and reveal the physical properties of cosmic sources. The spectrum is therefore a resource to be used wisely now and to be protected for future generations. Handbook of Frequency Allocations and Spectrum Protection for Scientific Uses: Second Edition sets forth the principles for the allocation and protection of spectral bands for services using the radio spectrum for scientific research. This report describes the radio frequency bands used by scientific services and includes relevant regulatory information and discussion of scientific use of frequency bands. This reference will guide spectrum managers and spectrum regulatory bodies on science issues and serve as a resource to scientists and other spectrum users.

Radio observations of the cosmos are gathered by geoscientists using complex earth-orbiting satellites and ground-based equipment, and by radio astronomers using large ground-based radio telescopes.Signals from natural radio emissions are extremely weak, and the equipment used to measure them is becoming ever-more sophisticated and sensitive.

This collection analyses the regulatory aspects of harmful interference faced by those entities operating space communication and broadcasting. While technology reacts to this international phenomenon with the development of continuously improving technological systems for preventing and combating harmful interference, its international regulatory and legal framework develops at a much slower pace. Issues discussed include the increasing deterioration of signals from broadcasting and communication satellites, including cases of intentional interference known as `jamming’; the human rights balance between freedom of expression and protection from hate speech; the efficacy of the current regulatory system and the legal consequences of non-compliance; the role of national authorities, and supranational bodies such as the EU and UN. The contributors include experts drawn from international and national academia, the ITU, national regulatory authorities and operators to present an international, multidimensional, and critical analysis of this complex phenomenon. Introduction, Mahulena Hofmann. Part I Harmful Interference in the Context of the ITU Framework: 'Harmful interference' and the ITU, Francis Lyall; ITU and harmful interference prevention, Mitsuhiro Sakamoto; Dealing with harmful interference: the Protostar case, Elina Morozova and Yaroslav Vasyanin; Radio frequency interference in the Earth Exploration Satellite Service: the case of the European Space Agency's SMOS mission, Alexander Soucek; Contractual responses to loss of satellite based services, Lesley Jane Smith. Part II Harmful Interference in the Context of Space Law: The 'space side' to 'harmful interference' - evaluating regulatory instruments in addressing interference issues in the context of satellite communications, Frans von der Dunk; Harmful interference in telecommunications under international and national space law, Jean-Francois Mayence. Part III Harmful Interference in the Context of European Law: European law as an instrument for avoiding harmful interference, Gerry Oberst; The European Commission's proposal for a 'connected continent', Max Spielmann. Part IV Harmful Interference from the Perspective of National Law: Harmful interference from the Netherlands Radiocommunication Agency perspective, Johan Kroon; Satellite harmful interference: a U.S. Telecom perspective, Justin (Gus) Hurwitz. Part V Other Instruments for Avoiding Harmful Interference: New and alternative means for safeguarding the efficient use of spectrum resources for satellite communications, Simona Spassova; Harmful interference and human rights, Olga Batura. Part VI Outstanding Issues: The restructuring of an intergovernmental satellite communications organisation from a Luxmbourg perspective, Guy Modert. Professor Mahulena Hofmann, SES Chair in Space Communication and Media Law at the University of Luxembourg. Prior to her appointment at the University of Luxembourg, Professor Hofmann was the holder of the Jean Monnet Chair in European Law and Transition Studies at the Faculty of Law, Justus Liebig University of Giessen. At the same time she served as a Senior Research Fellow at the renowned Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law where her research activities were in the field of International Space and Telecommunications Law, as well as the public law of Central and Eastern European countries. Member of the European Centre for Space Law and an Expert Committee of the Council of Europe dealing with regional and minority languages, she has a rich scientific profile encompassing all aspects of Satellite Communication and Media Law.

We are currently witnessing an increase in telecommunications norms and standards given the recent advances in this field. The increasing number of normalized standards paves the way for an increase in the range of services available for each consumer. Moreover, the majority of available radio frequencies have already been allocated. This explains the emergence of cognitive radio (CR) – the sharing of the spectrum between a primary user and a secondary user. In this book, we will present the state of the art of the different techniques for spectrum access using cooperation and competition to solve the problem of spectrum allocation and ensure better management of radio resources in a radio cognitive context. The different aspects of research explored up until now on the applications of multi-agent systems (MAS) in the field of cognitive radio are analyzed in this book. The first chapter begins with an insight into wireless networks and mobiles, with special focus on the IEEE 802.22 norm, which is a norm dedicated to CR. Chapter 2 goes into detail about CR, which is a technical field at the boundary between telecommunications and Artificial Intelligence (AI). In Chapter 3, the concept of the “agent” from AI is expanded to MAS and associated applications. Finally, Chapter 4 establishes an overview of the use of AI techniques, in particular MAS, for its allocation of radio resources and dynamic access to the spectrum in CR.

Despite frustrating customers and loss of revenue for telecommunications providers, cellular network congestion has remained a problem for which few solutions have been found. Covering GSM, GPRS, UMTS and beyond 3G systems, this practical book breaks new ground by providing you with proven techniques for decreasing blocking and dropped call rate due to network congestion. Using real measurements, this book clearly shows you that the maximum traffic that can be accommodated in a wireless network is not a constant value and varies significantly. In most congestion scenarios, radio networks remain under-utilized though paradoxically subscribers cannot set up calls and operators cannot serve a large number of requests. With this guide you can make the most of radio resources when they are most needed. The book enables you to efficiently configure networks to maximize system utilization and improve customer satisfaction by ensuring service during periods of peak usage. You learn how to help your organization boost revenues earned from operations due to the ability to accommodate more network traffic.

Cognitive radio is an emerging technology that is considered to be an evolution for software device radio in which cognition and decision-making components are included. The main function of cognitive radio is to exploit “spectrum holes” or “white spaces” to address the challenge of the low utilization of radio resources. Dynamic spectrum allocation, whose significant functions are to ensure that cognitive users access the available frequency and bandwidth to communicate in an opportunistic manner and to minimize the interference between primary and secondary users, is a key mechanism in cognitive radio networks. Reinforcement learning, which rapidly analyzes the amount of data in a model-free manner, dramatically facilitates the performance of dynamic spectrum allocation in real application scenarios. This paper presents a survey on the state-of-the-art spectrum allocation algorithms based on reinforcement learning techniques in cognitive radio networks. The advantages and disadvantages of each algorithm are analyzed in their specific practical application scenarios. Finally, we discuss open issues in dynamic spectrum allocation that can be topics of future research.

Active remote sensing is the principal tool used to study and to predict short- and long-term changes in the environment of Earth - the atmosphere, the oceans and the land surfaces - as well as the near space environment of Earth. All of these measurements are essential to understanding terrestrial weather, climate change, space weather hazards, and threats from asteroids. Active remote sensing measurements are of inestimable benefit to society, as we pursue the development of a technological civilization that is economically viable, and seek to maintain the quality of our life. A Strategy for Active Remote Sensing Amid Increased Demand for Spectrum describes the threats, both current and future, to the effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum required for active remote sensing. This report offers specific recommendations for protecting and making effective use of the spectrum required for active remote sensing.

The advent of the Internet of Things and 5G has further accelerated the growth in devices attempting to gain access to the wireless spectrum. A consequence of this has been the commensurate growth in spectrum conflict and congestion across the wireless spectrum, which has begun to impose a significant impost upon innovation in both the public and private sectors. One potential avenue for resolving these issues, and improving the efficiency of spectrum utilisation can be found in devices making intelligent decisions about their access to spectrum through Dynamic Spectrum Allocation. Changing to a system of Dynamic Spectrum Allocation would require the development of complex and sophisticated inference frameworks, that would be able to be deployed at a scale able to support significant numbers of devices. The development and deployment of these systems cannot exist in isolation, but rather would require the development of tools that can simulate, measure, and predict Spectral Occupancy. To support the development such tools, this work reviews not just the available prediction frameworks for networked systems with sparse sensing over large scale geospatial environments, but also holistically considers the myriad of technological approaches required to support Dynamic Spectrum Allocation.