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"Radioactivity."
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Radioactivity : a very short introduction
The author explains the nature of radioactivity and discuss its role in nature. Describing radioactivity in the stars and in the Earth, he also looks at its wide range of applications in biomedicine and in science, as well as the mechanisms of nuclear fission and fusion, and the harnessing of nuclear power.
Book
Inter-laboratory comparison within the RESORAD Italian network on the natural occurring radioactive materials (NORMs)
Environmental radioactivity monitoring is of fundamental importance not only in routine situations but also in the event of accidental occurrences, such as the Fukushima incident in 2011, and in extraordinary situations, such as those currently experienced in war-torn countries with nuclear facilities. In Italy, the National Network for Environmental Radioactivity Surveillance (RESORAD), coordinated by ISIN, oversees the reliability of environmental radioactivity measurements. ENEA-INMRI develops, maintains, and disseminates measurement standards and units in the field of radioactivity through inter-laboratory comparisons (ILCs), calibration campaigns, and performance evaluation tests. This work presents the results of an ILC conducted for RESORAD laboratories, called NORM-2021, organized within a scientific collaboration between ISIN and ENEA-INMRI. The initiative focused on the measurement of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). Specifically, the aim of the ILC was to identify and quantify NORMs in natural volcanic sand. To perform the ILC, ENEA-INMRI prepared a solid reference material (MRS) by collecting sand samples from seven distinct volcanic lake sites in the Lazio region. An artificial imbalance in the uranium radioactive series was introduced into the MRS to assess the analytical capabilities of the participating laboratories. The results were analysed using indicators commonly employed in performance evaluations and inter-laboratory comparisons [ISO, 2010; ISO, 2016].
Journal Article
Natural and artificial radioactivity levels in the agricultural soil of lands near the Al-Kasak oil refinery, northern Iraq
Using a high-purity germanium detector (HPGe), the natural and artificial radioactivity in soil samples taken from agricultural regions near the Al-Kasak oil refinery were examined. According to estimates, the average specific activities of
226
Ra,
232
Th,
40
K, and
137
Cs were 20, 15, 283, and 3.6 Bq kg
−1
, respectively. The specific activities of
226
Ra,
232
Th,
40
K, and
137
Cs in the soil samples were comparatively lower than the average values of these radionuclides worldwide. The investigation also analyzed several radiological hazard indices. The hazard indices calculated in this study were utilized to assess the potential health risks associated with radiation in the soil. The results indicate that these indices are significantly below their permissible limits. Therefore, the soil in the study area does not pose any excessive radiation exposure to the inhabitants and can be safely used as construction material without presenting an immediate radiological threat to the public.
Journal Article
Re-Examination of the Effect of Pairing Gaps on Gamow–Teller Strength Distributions and Iβ/I-Decay Rates
β-decay is one of the key factors for understanding the r-process and evolution of massive stars. The Gamow–Teller (GT) transitions drive the β-decay process. We employ the proton–neutron quasiparticle random phase approximation (pn-QRPA) model to calculate terrestrial and stellar β-decay rates for 50 top-ranked nuclei possessing astrophysical significance according to a recent survey. The model parameters of the pn-QRPA model affect the predicted results of β-decay. The current study investigates the effect of nucleon–nucleon pairing gaps on charge-changing transitions and the associated β decay rates. Three different values of pairing gaps, namely TF, 3TF, and 5TF, were used in our investigation. It was concluded that both GT strength distributions and half-lives are sensitive to pairing gap values. The 3TF pairing gap scheme, in our chosen nuclear model, resulted in the best prediction with around 80% of the calculated half-lives within a factor 10 of the measured ones. The 3TF pairing scheme also led to the calculation of the biggest β-decay rates in stellar matter.
Journal Article