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Many bioactive components in plants are beneficial to health, and their contents in seeds and sprouts are much higher than those in mature parts. This study intended to uncover alterations in nutritional compositions of radish seeds following germination. It also aimed to evaluate the health-promoting potential of both radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) seeds and sprouts by quantifying representative bioactive compounds and antioxidants across six varieties. The ultimate goal was to identify the optimal radish variety with these beneficial properties through the TOPSIS-entropy weight method. This study measured chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanins, glucosinolates (GLSs), total phenol (TP), vitamin C content, and antioxidant capacities (POD: Peroxidase; PAL: Phenylalanine ammonia lyase; T-AOC: Total antioxidant capacity) in seeds and sprouts of radish grew for 7 days. The GLSs content in seeds was 3 to 6-fold higher than that in sprouts; while contents of anthocyanin, sugar, and TP were much higher in radish seeds than those in sprouts. Chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and POD activity were significantly higher in sprouts than in seeds. Combined with the ideal solution similarity ranking preference method (TOPSIS) entropy weight method, M (Man Tang Hong) was the optimal radish variety. Sprouts generally outperformed seeds in terms of overall phytochemical composition and antioxidant capacities, except for M. Therefore, more sprouts are recommended to be consumed in daily life without choosing specific radish variety. In conclusion, this study supports the health-promoting properties of radish based on a comprehensive deciphering of the nutritional profile of radish seeds and sprouts, both of which are good sources of bioactive compounds.

Edible sprouts with germinating seeds of a few days of age are naturally rich in nutrients and other bioactive compounds. Among them, the cruciferous (Brassicaceae) sprouts stand out due to their high contents of glucosinolates (GLSs) and phenolic compounds. In order to obtain sprouts enriched in these phytochemicals, elicitation is being increasing used as a sustainable practice. Besides, the evidence regarding the bioavailability and the biological activity of these compounds after their dietary intake has also attracted growing interest in recent years, supporting the intake of the natural food instead of enriched ingredients or extracts. Also, there is a growing interest regarding their uses, consumption, and applications for health and wellbeing, in different industrial sectors. In this context, the present review aims to compile and update the available knowledge on the fundamental aspects of production, enrichment in composition, and the benefits upon consumption of diverse edible cruciferous sprouts, which are sources of phenolic compounds and glucosinolates, as well as the evidence on their biological actions in diverse pathophysiological situations and the molecular pathways involved.

Reports indicate that silver nanoparticles (nAg) are toxic to vegetation, but little is known about their effects in crop plants. This study examines the impacts of nAg on the physiology and nutritional quality of radish (Raphanus sativus) sprouts. Seeds were germinated and grown for 5 days in nAg suspensions at 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg/L. Seed germination and seedling growth were evaluated with traditional methodologies; the uptake of Ag and nutrients was quantified by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and changes in macromolecules were analyzed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. None of the nAg concentrations reduced seed germination. However, the water content (% of the total weight) was reduced by 1.62, 1.65, and 2.54% with exposure to 125, 250, and 500 mg/L, respectively, compared with the control. At 500 mg/L, the root and shoot lengths were reduced by 47.7 and 40%, with respect to the control. The seedlings exposed to 500 mg/L had 901 ± 150 mg Ag/kg dry wt and significantly less Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Mn, and Zn, compared with the control. The infrared spectroscopy analysis showed changes in the bands corresponding to lipids (3000-2800 cm(-1)), proteins (1550-1530 cm(-1)), and structural components of plant cells such as lignin, pectin, and cellulose. These results suggest that nAg could significantly affect the growth, nutrient content and macromolecule conformation in radish sprouts, with unknown consequences for human health.

Microgreens are emerging specialty crops becoming increasingly popular for their rich nutrient profile and variety of colors, flavors, and textures. The growing medium is a significant key factor in microgreen yield, quality, and sustainability. The widespread use of peat-based media raises questions regarding the environmental sustainability of microgreens production, and new substrates that are more sustainable are required. To this purpose, a study was designed with the objective of comparing eight alternative growing media evaluating their physicochemical properties and effect on yield, mineral profile, and nutritional quality of peas and radish microgreens. Tested substrates included a standard peat and perlite mixture (PP), coconut coir (CC), spent mushroom compost (SMC), organic waste compost (CMP), and 50:50 (v:v) mixes of PP and SMC, PP and CMP, CC and SMC, and CC and CMP. The physicochemical properties widely differed among the alternative substrates tested. SMC had high electrical conductivity and salt concentration, which resulted in poor seed germination. Growing media tested significantly influenced the production and nutritional quality of both microgreen species and variations were modulated by the species. With a 39.8% fresh yield increase or a small yield decrease (-14.9%) in radish and peas, respectively, PP+CMP (50:50, v/v) mix provided microgreens of similar or higher nutritional quality than PP, suggesting the potential of substituting at least in part peat with CMP. Using locally available CMP in mix with PP could reduce the microgreens industry reliance on peat while reducing costs and improving the sustainability of the production of microgreens. Further research is needed to evaluate also the potential economic and environmental benefits of using locally available organic materials like CMP as alternative growing media and peat-substitute to produce microgreens.

Radish is an economically important root vegetable worldwide. In this study, the 217 cultivated radish accessions were collected and genotyped. To detect the genotypes of these accessions, a total of 24 structure variation (SV) markers distributed on nine chromosomes were employed to analyze genetic diversity and construct a core germplasm collection of radish. The results of polymorphism information content (PIC) indicated a good polymorphism of these SV markers. Population structure analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) results showed that the 217 radish accessions fell into three main populations (P1, P2, and P3). Genetic diversity analysis showed that these populations were highly associated with geographical distribution. The values of the fixation index (FST) indicated a high genetic diversity between P2 and P3, and a moderate genetic diversity between P1 and P2, and P1 and P3. Furthermore, the 43 core germplasm were exploited for creating cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) lines and cultivating new radish varieties. The high genetic diversity of 217 radish germplasms will not only provide valuable resources for future genetic mapping and functional genomic research, but also facilitate core germplasm utilization and the molecular breeding of radish.

For more than three decades, various in vitro and in vivo studies have linked radishes with diabetes, though this link has not been discussed. This review systematically addresses and summarizes the effect of radishes on diabetes. We searched the Web of Science, PubMed, and EMBASE databases for English language articles from June 1987 through May 2017 using the key words “radish” and “diabetes,” and the references from particular reports were also considered if relevant. In summary, radish has been identified as having antidiabetic effects, making it favorable for those with diabetic conditions. This may be due to its ability to enhance the antioxidant defense mechanism and reduce the accumulation of free radicals, affect hormonal-induced glucose hemostasis, promote glucose uptake and energy metabolism, and reduce glucose absorption in the intestine. However, this summary requires further confirmation in research in vivo studies and clinical trials.

Salinity stress ranks among the most prevalent stress globally, contributing to soil deterioration. Its negative impacts on crop productivity stem from mechanisms such as osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and oxidative stress, all of which impede plant growth and yield. The effect of cobalt with proline on mitigating salinity impact in radish plants is still unclear. That’s why the current study was conducted with aim to explore the impact of different levels of Co and proline on radish cultivated in salt affected soils. There were four levels of cobalt, i.e., (0, 10, 15 and 20 mg/L) applied as CoSO 4  and two levels of proline (0 and 0.25 mM), which were applied as foliar. The treatments were applied in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Results showed that 20 CoSO 4 with proline showed improvement in shoot length (∼ 20%), root length (∼ 23%), plant dry weight (∼ 19%), and plant fresh weight (∼ 41%) compared to control. The significant increase in chlorophyll, physiological and biochemical attributes of radish plants compared to the control confirms the efficacy of 20 CoSO 4 in conjunction with 10 mg/L proline for mitigating salinity stress. In conclusion, application of cobalt with proline can help to alleviate salinity stress in radish plants. However, multiple location experiments with various levels of cobalt and proline still needs in-depth investigations to validate the current findings.

Cultivated radish ( Raphanus sativus L.) has fleshy, edible taproot, while wild radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum L.) has woody, non-edible taproot. Formation of fleshy taproot is the most important landmark event in the evolution and domestication of wild radish to cultivated radish. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this process. Histological studies revealed that the decrease of secondary cell wall deposition in the xylem cells was critical for fleshy taproot formation. To find the key genes involved in this process, comparative transcriptome studies were carried out among three fleshy cultivated and one woody wild radish species. We identified 2861 common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) which were enriched in secondary cell wall biogenesis-related pathways. Moreover, based on the expression profiles, a NAC transcription factor RsSND1 (Rsa10039519), the first layer master regulator in the biosynthesis of secondary cell wall, was identified and chosen for further analysis. Overexpression of RsSND1 in Arabidopsis led to stunted plant growth, ectopic deposition of secondary wall in parenchymatous cells of xylem, and increased secondary wall thickness of vessels. Moreover, genetic variation analysis of RsSND1 in 55 natural accessions identified four and two SNPs in exons and downstream regions, respectively, which would be related to fleshy taproot evolution. Together, our results revealed that RsSND1 regulated deposition of secondary cell wall and involved in fleshy taproot formation.

The present study aimed to explore the phenotypes, secondary metabolites, and antioxidant characteristics of hairy roots (HRs) induced in two radish cultivars, white radish ‘Top Star’ and red radish ‘Super Hong Vit’, by applying Rhizobium rhizogenes R1000. The data showed that white and red radish had phenotypic differences in HR induction and distinct metabolite compositions. Specifically, white HRs demonstrated higher root induction rates, producing more HRs with greater biomass than red HRs. The total content of glucosinolate, a key metabolite in radish, was not different between white and red radish, except for glucobrassicin, which was higher in red radish than in white radish. Red radish HRs contained 15 anthocyanins, while none of the anthocyanins were detected in white HRs. Moreover, red radish HRs had substantially higher phenolic and flavonoid contents, which contributed to the increase in antioxidant properties in red radish HRs. This research shows that Super Hong Vit HRs are more promising sources of phenolic antioxidants and anthocyanins. This discovery will provide a foundation for further genetics studies to establish the mechanisms behind these differences.