Catalogue Search | MBRL
Are you sure you want to remove the book from the shelf?
{{itemTitle}}
215,494
result(s) for
"Rail transportation"
Sort by:
Underground worlds : a guide to spectacular subterranean places
A visual and anecdotal exploration of the curious worlds hidden beneath our feet, including ancient cities, salt mine cathedrals, underground amusement parks, and more. From bone-filled catacombs to sculpted salt churches to hand-carved cave complexes large enough to house 20,000 people, Underground Worlds is packed with more than 50 unusual destinations that take some digging to find. Award-winning travel writer David Farley revels in the unexpected, whether it is a cave city in China which houses one of the world's largest collections of Buddhist art or an old salt mine converted into a theme park in Romania. Stunning photos help readers see places they could not even imagine, such as a three-story underground train station in Taiwan that is home to the a 4,500-panel \"Dome of Light\" that is the largest glasswork on Earth, as well as secret spaces, such as an ornate temple built beneath a suburban home in Italy. Throughout the fascinating text are themed entries of underground systems such as the 2,500-year-old water tunnels of Kish Qanat in Iran or engineering marvels like the New York City steam tunnels.
Book
New rail transit stations and the out-migration of low-income residents
This article tests the hypothesis that low-income residents disproportionately move out of neighbourhoods in close proximity to new rail transit stations. This transit-induced gentrification scenario posits that the development of rail transit will place an upward pressure on land and housing values and that higher-income residents will outbid low-income residents for this new amenity. The most transit-dependent population may therefore be displaced from the most accessible locations, forming a paradox in the investment in new transit systems. We test this hypothesis using the Panel Study on Income Dynamics (PSID) dataset to trace the out-migration of residents across the United States from census tracts within five years of the opening of a new station, between 1970 and 2014. We find that low-income individuals are more likely to move, regardless of their neighbourhood. However, we do not find significant evidence that low-income individuals are more likely to move out of transit neighbourhoods, after controlling for both individual and other neighbourhood characteristics. The odds of moving out of a transit neighbourhood for low-income residents is statistically insignificant. In other words, they do not have a heightened probability of leaving new transit neighbourhoods compared with other residents. Our results are robust across decades, when examining renters alone, for different time spans and for varying definitions of transit neighbourhoods. We further find that those living in transit neighbourhoods are not more likely to live in a crowded dwelling. Our results therefore suggest that, on average, across the nation, low-income residents do not disproportionately exit new transit neighbourhoods.
本文检验了这样一个假设：低收入居民会不成比例地搬离新的轨道交通站附近的街区。这种“公交导致的绅士化”理论假定：轨道交通的开发将对土地和住房价格产生上行压力，而高收入居民将与低收入居民争夺这些新的便利设施并将后者排挤出去。因此，大多数依赖公交的人口可能会被从最接近公交的地点排挤出去，这对新公交系统的投资而言便形成了悖论。我们使用家庭收入动态追踪调查（PSID）数据集追踪1970年至2014年期间美国相关人口普查区在新轨道交通站开放后五年内居民的外迁，从而检验这一假设。我们发现，无论处于何种街区，低 收入个人都更有可能搬迁。然而，在剔除个人和其他街区特征之后，我们没有发现显著证据表明低收入人群更有可能搬离公交街区。低收入居民搬离公交街区的几率不具有统计显著性。换句话说，与其他居民相比，他们搬离新的公交街区的可能性并不会更高。如果只考虑租房者，那么，在这几十年的时间跨度内，我们的研究结果在不同时段之间、并且在不同定义的公交街区之间保持了相当的稳定性。我们进一步发现，居住在公交街区的人生活在拥挤的住宅中的几率并不会更高。因此，我们的结果表明，在全国范围内，平均而言低收入居民不会不成比例地搬离新的公交街区。
Journal Article
Perspective of solar energy-powered road and rail transportation in China
As essential pillars of passenger mobility and freight transport, road and rail transportation have experienced a rapid increase over the past years. This trend indicates an increase in energy consumption, especially electricity, due to higher energy efficiency and less carbon emission, but it exacerbates the contradiction between the power supply and demand. Nowadays, for additional power sources, increased solar power generation has been widely installed in their own available spaces for road and rail transportation, which has attracted a great deal of attention. This paper reviews the current status of solar power generation and its integrated application in the transport sector. Then, the photovoltaic generation potential of road and rail transportation in China are evaluated. Finally, further developments and perspectives of solar energy-powered road and rail transportation are presented, which not only contributes to lower-carbon and green transportation, but also promotes the development of renewable power generation for energy transformation. It is confirmed that solar energy-powered road and rail transportation is a promising approach for sustainable transportation with more renewable energy and less carbon emission.
Journal Article
Pythagorean Fuzzy Based AHP-VIKOR Integration to Assess Rail Transportation Systems in Turkey
Rail transit systems, one of the important public transportation (PT) systems, are widespread in large cities to satisfy passengers or commuters for their daily trips. However, rail transportation (RT) investments are costly, and the budgets are minimal. Thus assessing RT systems in big cities play a crucial role in deciding on the best RT investment. In this study, for the first time, a two-stage fuzzy set is used among the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) studies in the area of transportation. The proposed method is a unique technique integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) techniques with an extension of Pythagorean fuzzy sets. In this manner, datasets from the observations of three rail lines in Antalya, one of the largest cities in Turkey, are applied to the proposed method. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), a commonly used MCDM method, is used to weighting four main criteria and thirteen sub-factors. AHP is strengthened by interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (IVPFNs). The Fuzzy VIKOR (FVIKOR) approach is then applied for the prioritization of three rail line alternatives. Results are achieved by analyzing not only real RT service observations, also actual RT expenditures or costs. Consequently, the uncertainty in results is thus minimized. Outcomes of the case study reveal the most serviceable RT line in the city evaluating the main criteria, namely economy, comfort, environment, and safety. Therefore, the proposed approach methodologically contributes to adopting a new insight into the integration of MCDM methods with fuzzy set.
Journal Article
Driving reduction after the introduction of light rail transit
There is a pressing need to estimate the magnitude and dynamics of the behavioural effects of transportation investments and policy. This article innovates by applying an experimental-control group research design to the case of new light rail transit service in Los Angeles, California. Only a handful of previous studies use an experimental design to assess impacts of light rail transit, and this is the first to use an experimental design to measure impacts on vehicle miles travelled, a key determinant of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector. We administered an annual seven-day travel study to a panel of households in the vicinity of Los Angeles’ Expo light rail line before the 2012 start of rail service and twice after the line opened. We find that households living within walking distance (1 km) of the new light rail drove approximately 10 fewer miles per day relative to control households farther away. Rail transit trips among near-station households approximately tripled relative to households beyond walking distance. Such driving reductions among households within walking distance of new rail transit stations suggest that Los Angeles’ large rail transit investment, coupled with land use policy, has the potential to help achieve climate change policy goals. More broadly, experimental evaluation can provide insights into causality and patterns of travel behaviour change associated with planning policies.
我们迫切需要估计交通投资和政策对行为影响的广度和机制。本文以加州洛杉矶新的轻轨服务 为案例，运用一套由实验对照的小组研宄设计而寻求创新。先前的研宄只有一小部分使用了实 验设计来评估轻轨的影响，本文率先使用实验设计来衡量轻轨对车辆行驶路程的影响一车辆 行驶路程是交通部门温室气体排放的关键决定因素。我们对洛杉矶轻轨博览线周边的一组家庭 开展了为期七天的出行研宄，在2012年轻轨开通前每年一次，开通后每年两次。我们发现， 住在新的轻轨步行距离（1公里）内的家庭每天驾驶里程数比住得较远的家庭大约少10英里。 离站点近的家庭乘坐轨道交通的频率大约是步行距离外家庭的三倍。在新轻轨站步行距离内的 家庭驾驶行为减少，意味着洛杉矶的大型轨道交通投资加上土地利用政策有可能帮助实现气候 变化政策目标。在更广的意义上，实验评估可为与规划政策相连的出行行为改变原因和模式提 供洞见。
Journal Article
Scaling in transportation networks
Subway systems span most large cities, and railway networks most countries in the world. These networks are fundamental in the development of countries and their cities, and it is therefore crucial to understand their formation and evolution. However, if the topological properties of these networks are fairly well understood, how they relate to population and socio-economical properties remains an open question. We propose here a general coarse-grained approach, based on a cost-benefit analysis that accounts for the scaling properties of the main quantities characterizing these systems (the number of stations, the total length, and the ridership) with the substrate's population, area and wealth. More precisely, we show that the length, number of stations and ridership of subways and rail networks can be estimated knowing the area, population and wealth of the underlying region. These predictions are in good agreement with data gathered for about 140 subway systems and more than 50 railway networks in the world. We also show that train networks and subway systems can be described within the same framework, but with a fundamental difference: while the interstation distance seems to be constant and determined by the typical walking distance for subways, the interstation distance for railways scales with the number of stations.
Journal Article
Do rail transit stations encourage neighbourhood retail activity?
Over the past 20 years, California has made substantial investments in intra-metropolitan passenger rail infrastructure, expanding existing systems and building new ones. According to advocates of New Urbanism, such investment should encourage the growth of mixed-use transit-oriented development, defined as a high-density mix of residential and commercial uses within walking distance of rail stations. Little research to date has examined whether rail investment stimulates retail activity, which is a key component of mixed-use development. In this paper, I test whether the opening of new rail stations across California's four largest metropolitan areas is associated with changes in retail employment near the stations. Results indicate that new rail stations were located in areas with previously high employment density, somewhat outside the city centres. New station openings are not significantly associated with differences in retail employment in three of the four MSAs, and negatively associated with retail in the Sacramento MSA. There is weak evidence that areas around new suburban stations serving commuter rail lines are more likely to gain retail employment, while centrally located, intra-city rail stations see decreases in retail activity.
Journal Article
Geographic-Information-System-Based Risk Assessment of Flooding in Changchun Urban Rail Transit System
The frequent occurrence of urban flooding in recent years has resulted in significant damage to ground-level infrastructure and poses a substantial threat to the metro system. As the central city’s core transportation network for public transit, this threat can have unpredictable consequences on travel convenience and public safety. Therefore, assessing the risk of urban flooding in the metro system is of utmost importance. This study is the first of its kind to employ comprehensive natural disaster risk assessment theory, establishing an assessment database with 22 indicators. We propose a GIS-based method combined with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and an improved entropy weight method to comprehensively evaluate the urban flood risk in Changchun City’s metro systems in China. This study includes a total of nine metro lines, including those that are currently operational as well as those that are in the planning and construction phases, situated in six urban areas of Changchun City. In this study, we utilize the regional risk level within the 500 m buffer zone of the metro lines to represent the flood risk of the metro system. The proposed method assesses the flood risk of Changchun’s rail transit system. The results reveal that over 30% of Changchun’s metro lines are located in high-risk flood areas, mainly concentrated in the densely populated and economically prosperous western part of the central city. To validate the risk assessment, we vectorized the inundation points and overlaid them with the regional flood risk assessment results, achieving a model accuracy of over 90%. As no large-scale flood events have occurred in the Changchun rail transit system, we employed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to verify the accuracy of the flood risk assessment model, resulting in an accuracy rate of 91%. These findings indicate that the present study is highly reliable and can provide decision makers with a scientific basis for mitigating future flood disasters.
Journal Article
Multi-objective metaheuristics for hub location problem: A case study of rail network planning
Purpose: Hub location problems have been utilized in various applications including rail transportation network planning, where hub serves as a key transit point within the network. In this paper, we focus on determining the optimal location for a rail transportation hub, where cost and service are trade-off.Design/methodology/approach: The problem is formulated as a multi-objective programming model with the objectives of minimizing total transportation costs and minimizing maximum travel time. A case study of rail transportation network hub planning in Thailand is presented. Given the complexity and large scale of the real-world case study, we develop and compare the Multi-Objective Tabu Search (MOTS) and Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) to solve the problem.Findings: The proposed algorithms yield efficient performance in terms of computational time and solution quality. Performance comparison is further analyzed to see the difference in both algorithms.Originality/value: The results offer valuable managerial insights for decision-makers in rail transportation hub network design.
Journal Article
Concise Historic Overview of Rail Corrugation Studies: From Formation Mechanisms to Detection Methods
Rail corrugation is a serious problem in a railway transportation system, aggravating the operational risk and shortening the lifetime of train–track system. In order to ensure the safety and reliability of the railway system, the detection of rail corrugation is very important. Thus, this study systematically summarizes the recent research progress of rail corrugation. First, this study introduces the definition of rail corrugation and the classification criteria. Then, the formation mechanism of rail corrugation is analyzed in detail, and its adverse consequences are investigated. Further, this study summarizes several main detection methods, which are corrugation-detection methods based on acceleration measurements, wavelet transform methods for corrugation evaluation, computer-vision-based methods for corrugation automatic detection, digital filtering algorithms for rail corrugation detection, and others. In this study, the formation mechanism and detection methods of rail corrugation are systematically described, and various corrugation-detection methods are also introduced in detail. This study not only provides a scientific basis for railway maintenance, but also lays a solid foundation for future experimental design and data analysis. This study can also guide engineering practice to improve the reliability and safety of railway systems. It also provides useful experience for future railway-engineering design and planning, as well as safer and more reliable operation. In general, this study can provide technical support for the detection of rail corrugation to ensure the safety of the rail–track system.
Journal Article