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Physically Active Learning (PAL) integrates physical activity into classroom teaching and has been shown to benefit students’ cognitive, social, and academic outcomes. Despite these advantages, PAL is not yet sustainably implemented in everyday school practice, highlighting the need for effective professional development (PD) formats for teachers. This randomized controlled experimental study examined how different PD formats, varying in their mode of engagement with ready-to-use PAL materials, affect teachers’ motivation, professional competence, and implementation of PAL. A total of 153 in-service primary teachers participated in a 2.5 h PD training and were randomly assigned to one of three formats: example-based learning, experience-based learning, or problem-solving. Data were collected at pre-test, post-test, and a six-week follow-up using standardized questionnaires. Results showed that teachers in the experience-based format reported significantly higher motivation during the PD training than those in the other formats. Across all formats, attitude and self-efficacy regarding PAL increased over time, whereas no significant gains in knowledge were observed. No significant differences between PD formats regarding overall implementation of PAL were observed. Exploratory analyses indicated a potential advantage of the experience-based format. Overall, the findings suggest that immersive, experience-based PD formats may be particularly effective in fostering teachers’ motivation.

Background Vaping among 18-24-year-old Australians has increased from 5.8% in 2019 to 21% in 2023. This protocol describes a trial to investigate the dissemination and engagement achieved by three anti-vaping messages on Facebook. Methods This research employs a 3-arm randomised experimental design. Three distinct anti-vaping messages will be disseminated via Facebook using Meta Ads Manager. Each arm has a message that focuses on either health risks, environmental impact, or anti-vape industry sentiment. The campaign will run for three months. The primary outcome is the engagement rate as a measure of the effectiveness of anti-vaping message, and the secondary outcomes include network indicators: size, density, centralisation, and centrality to evaluate the extent to which the messages are disseminated. Participants will be randomly exposed to one of the three messages. Data on reach and engagement will be compared across the groups. Discussion This study will provide insights into the dissemination of social media-based anti-vaping campaigns. By evaluating engagement rates and network indicators, the research aims to identify which message themes engage most with young Australians. The findings will contribute to the development of more effective public health strategies for vaping cessation and prevention among youth. Trial Registration The study was registered on July 19th 2024 with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12624000885594).

Environmental education is vital for promoting pro-environmental behavior, and nature-contact environmental education has progressively emerged as an important form of environmental education. Therefore, exploring the effects and mechanisms of nature-contact environmental education is crucial to enhancing pro-environmental behavior. This manuscript focuses on the Qinling ecological environmental education course at a Chinese university, which exemplifies a form of nature-contact environmental education. The research employs the randomized controlled experimental design as the research methodology. A total of 112 students who participated in the course served as the study sample, with the aim of investigating whether nature-contact environmental education can effectively improve students’ pro-environmental behavior. Additionally, the study also explores the underlying mechanisms driving this effect. The findings indicate that nature-contact environmental education significantly contributes to improving students’ pro-environmental behavior. Furthermore, environmental attitudes and environmental responsibility are identified as key mediators in the relationship between nature-contact environmental education and pro-environmental behavior. These conclusions provide valuable insights for both theoretical research and practical applications of environmental education and pro-environmental behavior.

Alcohol deregulation has recently been a topic of debate in Thailand, with policymakers weighing the potential economic benefits against public health harms and social concerns. This study estimates the impact on alcohol consumption levels in Thailand if barriers to producing alcoholic beverages are removed. Since the deregulation has not yet been implemented, we employed a randomized survey design for a Volumetric Choice Experiment administered to 1220 individuals, both drinkers and non-drinkers. The “treatment” group (with deregulation) was compared to the “control” group (without deregulation). While respondents in the control group were presented with existing drinks supplied by large producers, respondents in the treatment group were presented with new drinks supplied by small local producers alongside the existing options. Deregulation would introduce a wider variety of drinks, including cheaper local craft beer, white spirits, and brown spirits. Various scenarios of product availability and pricing were validated by experts. Our analysis reveals a 19.93% rise in total annual alcohol per capita consumption (APC), with a statistically significant difference between the treatment and control groups at a 90% confidence level. Further exploration into cross-price elasticities of demand suggests new drinks would partly substitute current options. Policymakers should carefully consider the public health implications, including increased risks of alcohol-related harms, as well as potential economic benefits from market liberalization. Regulatory measures, such as taxation, age restrictions, and public awareness campaigns, may be necessary to mitigate the projected consumption increase and associated social costs.

Objectives This study examines the effectiveness of the High Risk Revocation Reduction (HRRR) program, a reentry program designed to reduce recidivism among offenders released from Minnesota state prisons. Methods Adult male release violators were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received supplemental case planning and access to community service and programs, or to a control group that received standard case management. Survival analysis was used to examine rearrest, reconviction, reincarceration for a new offense, and supervised release revocation. Results The results of Cox regression models showed that participation in HRRR significantly reduced the risk of rearrest but had no effect on the other measures of recidivism. Conclusion The results provide limited support for the program, although its effectiveness appeared to decline during the second phase of implementation. HRRR also reduced costs; however, the estimated benefits were not robust across all sensitivity analyses.

Objectives To assess whether a reentry program targeted towards high-risk offenders leaving Minnesota state prisons significantly reduced recidivism. Methods Adult male release violators serving incarceration periods of 2–6 months in two Minnesota state prisons were randomly assigned to either the control group ( n  = 77) or the High-Risk Revocation Reduction (HRRR) program ( n  = 162). The latter group was provided with supplemental case planning, housing, employment, mentoring, cognitive-behavioral programming, and transportation assistance services, while the former group was given standard case management services. After 1–2 years of post-release follow-up time, event history analysis was used to predict the following four measures of recidivism: supervised release revocation, rearrest, reconviction, and new offense reincarceration. Results The Cox regression analyses revealed that participation in HRRR significantly lowered the risk of supervised release revocations and reconvictions by 28 and 43 %, respectively. Regardless of treatment or control group membership, receiving more reentry assistance significantly reduced supervision revocation and rearrest. Analyses also revealed that employment assistance, including subsidized employment, was especially effective at reducing recidivism. Conclusions Targeting resources towards this previously under-served population may be useful for lowering overall rates of recidivism. However, a later follow-up analysis is needed to ensure that these results remain over time.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Definitions of Peer Support Forms of Peer Support Initiatives Necessary Tensions in Peer Support Contexts Summary of Evidence From Peer Support Programmes Example of a Peer Support Service Recommendations Regarding Implementation of Peer Support Initiatives References

The CONSORT 2010 statement provides minimum guidelines for reporting randomized trials. Its widespread use has been instrumental in ensuring transparency in the evaluation of new interventions. More recently, there has been a growing recognition that interventions involving artificial intelligence (AI) need to undergo rigorous, prospective evaluation to demonstrate impact on health outcomes. The CONSORT-AI (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials–Artificial Intelligence) extension is a new reporting guideline for clinical trials evaluating interventions with an AI component. It was developed in parallel with its companion statement for clinical trial protocols: SPIRIT-AI (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials–Artificial Intelligence). Both guidelines were developed through a staged consensus process involving literature review and expert consultation to generate 29 candidate items, which were assessed by an international multi-stakeholder group in a two-stage Delphi survey (103 stakeholders), agreed upon in a two-day consensus meeting (31 stakeholders) and refined through a checklist pilot (34 participants). The CONSORT-AI extension includes 14 new items that were considered sufficiently important for AI interventions that they should be routinely reported in addition to the core CONSORT 2010 items. CONSORT-AI recommends that investigators provide clear descriptions of the AI intervention, including instructions and skills required for use, the setting in which the AI intervention is integrated, the handling of inputs and outputs of the AI intervention, the human–AI interaction and provision of an analysis of error cases. CONSORT-AI will help promote transparency and completeness in reporting clinical trials for AI interventions. It will assist editors and peer reviewers, as well as the general readership, to understand, interpret and critically appraise the quality of clinical trial design and risk of bias in the reported outcomes. The CONSORT-AI and SPIRIT-AI extensions improve the transparency of clinical trial design and trial protocol reporting for artificial intelligence interventions.

The use of the stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial (SW-CRT) is on the increase, and although there are still relatively few SW-CRTs currently published its use is bound to show an increase in the near future. An extension of the CONSORT reporting guideline for SW-CRTs has recently been developed. By making reporting guidelines for this innovative design available relatively early in its development, it is possible that the methodological conduct and reporting of future SW-CRTs will not be at the same risk of low-quality of reporting as is the case with many other study designs. We provide a brief overview of this reporting guideline and encourage authors to use it appropriately; and for journal editors to endorse its use.

The protocol of a randomized trial is the foundation for study planning, conduct, reporting and external review. However, trial protocols vary in their completeness and often do not address key elements of design and conduct. The SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) statement was first published in 2013 as guidance to improve the completeness of trial protocols. Periodic updates incorporating the latest evidence and best practices are needed to ensure that the guidance remains relevant to users. Here, we aimed to systematically update the SPIRIT recommendations for minimum items to address in the protocol of a randomized trial. We completed a scoping review and developed a project-specific database of empirical and theoretical evidence to generate a list of potential changes to the SPIRIT 2013 checklist. The list was enriched with recommendations provided by lead authors of existing SPIRIT/CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) extensions (Harms, Outcomes, Non-pharmacological Treatment) and other reporting guidelines (TIDieR). The potential modifications were rated in a three-round Delphi survey followed by a consensus meeting. Overall, 317 individuals participated in the Delphi consensus process and 30 experts attended the consensus meeting. The process led to the addition of two new protocol items, revision to five items, deletion/merger of five items, and integration of key items from other relevant reporting guidelines. Notable changes include a new open science section, additional emphasis on the assessment of harms and description of interventions and comparators, and a new item on how patients and the public will be involved in trial design, conduct and reporting. The updated SPIRIT 2025 statement consists of an evidence-based checklist of 34 minimum items to address in a trial protocol, along with a diagram illustrating the schedule of enrollment, interventions and assessments for trial participants. To facilitate implementation, we also developed an expanded version of the SPIRIT 2025 checklist and an accompanying explanation and elaboration document. Widespread endorsement and adherence to the updated SPIRIT 2025 statement have the potential to enhance the transparency and completeness of trial protocols for the benefit of investigators, trial participants, patients, funders, research ethics committees, journals, trial registries, policymakers, regulators and other reviewers. SPIRIT 2025 provides updated guidance to authors, reviewers and editors, when preparing clinical trial protocols to enhance their transparency and completeness.