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"Rape Prevention."
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Efficacy of a Sexual Assault Resistance Program for University Women
Women at universities are at high risk of sexual assault. In this trial at three Canadian universities, women assigned to a four-session sexual assault resistance program had a significantly lower 1-year risk of completed rape and attempted rape than did a control group.
Young women attending university
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,
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face a substantial risk of being sexually assaulted. The incidence of sexual assault is estimated to be between 20% and 25% over a period of 4 years and to be highest during the first 2 years.
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,
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Being sexually assaulted can result in post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, alcohol use, and decreased safer-sex practices, among other negative health outcomes.
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In addition to the specific health consequences for the woman,
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the social and financial costs to society are also high.
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,
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With the renewal of the Violence Against Women Act
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and establishment of a White House task . . .
Journal Article
Rape Myth Beliefs and Bystander Attitudes Among Incoming College Students
Objective: The bystander approach to rape prevention is gaining popularity on college campuses, although research is limited. This study explored bystander attitudes and their relationship with rape myths in a sample of college students. Participants: Surveys from 2,338 incoming undergraduate students at a large, northeastern university were analyzed. Methods: Participants completed revised versions of the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale and the Bystander Attitude Scale. Results: A higher acceptance of rape myths was reported by males, those pledging a fraternity/sorority, athletes, those without previous rape education, and those who did not know someone sexually assaulted. A greater willingness to intervene as a bystander was reported by females, those who had previous rape education, and those who knew someone sexually assaulted. Acceptance of rape myths was negatively related to willingness to intervene. Conclusions: Bystander intervention programs should include content on rape myths as well as focus on the role of gender.
Journal Article
Prevalence and risk factors for sexual assault among class 6 female students in unplanned settlements of Nairobi, Kenya: Baseline analysis from the IMPower & Sources of Strength cluster randomized controlled trial
Gender-based violence (GBV) is a crucial global health problem among all age groups, including adolescents. This study describes incidences of GBV, as well as factors associated with sexual assault, among female adolescents in class six living in urban informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya.
Study participants were interviewed using a structured survey instrument focusing on experiences of GBV, including emotional, physical, and sexual violence, and corresponding perpetrators, as well as gender attitudes, alcohol use, self-efficacy, and previous sexual experiences. Summary statistics and clustered bootstrap confidence intervals were calculated for social behaviors and violence rates. Stepwise logistic regression identified variables associated with an adolescent's experience of sexual assault.
In this population 7·2% of adolescent girls reported being raped in the prior twelve months, with 11·1% of these rape victims reporting over five experiences. Among the 21·3% who report having had a boyfriend, 38·1% reported emotional, physical, and/or sexual intimate partner violence (IPV). Boyfriends were identified most often as perpetrators, accounting for 46·3% of reported lifetime rapes. Previous experience of physical (p = <0·001) or emotional (p<0·001) IPV and home violence (p<0·001) were risk factors for being raped, while high self-efficacy (p<0·001) was a protective factor.
Sexual assault and GBV are major challenges in this highly-disadvantaged population. Novel prevention efforts are needed for this age group, as prevention is often targeted at older adolescents. Prevention efforts should focus on assaults by perpetrators known to adolescents, especially boyfriends, and may need to account for the adolescents' previous experience of, and exposure to, violence.
Journal Article
Digital feminist activism : girls and women fight back against rape culture
\" From sites like Hollaback! and Everyday Sexism, which document instances of street harassment and misogyny, to social media-organized movements and communities like #MeToo and #BeenRapedNeverReported, feminists are using participatory digital media as activist tools to speak, network, and organize against sexism, misogyny, and rape culture. As the first book-length study to examine how girls, women, and some men negotiate rape culture through the use of digital platforms, including blogs, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, and mobile apps, the authors explore four primary questions: What experiences of harassment, misogyny, and rape culture are being responded to? How are participants using digital media technologies to document experiences of sexual violence, harassment, and sexism? Why are girls, women and some men choosing to mobilize digital media technologies in this way? And finally, what are the various experiences of using digital technologies to engage in activism? In order to capture these diverse experiences of doing digital feminist activism, the authors augment their analysis of this media (blog posts, tweets, and selfies) with in-depth interviews and close-observations of several online communities that operate globally. Ultimately, the book demonstrates the nuances within and between digital feminist activism and highlight that, although it may be technologically easy for many groups to engage in digital feminist activism, there remain emotional, mental, or practical barriers which create different experiences, and legitimate some feminist voices, perspectives, and experiences over others. \"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Sexual miscommunication? Untangling assumptions about sexual communication between casual sex partners
Miscommunication theory suggests that many incidents of heterosexual sexual violence or coercion are the result of a miscommunication between men and women. Two most commonly cited forms of miscommunication include men overestimating women's interest in sex and women giving token resistance to sex. The current study is a thematic analysis of the ways that young women and men talked about their casual sex experiences with particular attention to the presence or absence of miscommunication in their descriptions. Both women and men used a combination of three themes to describe their communication with their casual partners: (1) tacit knowing, (2) refusing sex and (3) active participation. Women and men described similar communication mechanisms and reported communicating and understanding their partners' communication whether this involved acceptance or rejection of a sexual invitation. Both men and women demonstrated literacy in the same communicative tools, thus suggesting the absence of miscommunication.
Journal Article
An Internet-Delivered Sexual Assault Resistance Intervention for Undergraduate Women (The IDEA3 Trial): Protocol for a Multisite Randomized Controlled Efficacy Trial
Sexual assault (SA) is a serious problem at universities. It is estimated that 1 in 5 women students will experience SA before they graduate.
The primary aim of this randomized controlled trial is to test whether a synchronous web-based facilitated adaptation of an efficacious intervention (the Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act [EAAA] program) can reduce the 1-year incidence of rape among first- and second-year undergraduate women. Secondary aims will assess the impact of the Internet-Delivered EAAA (IDEA
) on other forms of SA (attempted rape, attempted and completed coercion, and nonconsensual sexual contact). Tertiary aims will evaluate effects of the program on (1) survivor self-blame in the event of an assault, (2) 6 known mediators of the intervention effect to guide revision of IDEA
if necessary, and (3) 2 exploratory outcomes measuring acceptance of sexualized aggression and sexual empowerment.
In this multisite open-label randomized controlled trial, 1920 diverse women students at 2 Canadian and 4 US universities will be randomly assigned to receive either the 12-hour IDEA
(intervention arm) or standard of care (control arm: 60-minute, web-based, live-facilitated consent workshop). Outcomes are measured at baseline, 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months post intervention. SA will be assessed using the Sexual Experiences Survey-Short Form Version. Survivor self-blame and outcomes known to be mediators of EAAA's reductions in SA will also be measured.
Funding was received in October 2022. Recruitment began on October 2, 2023, and the first participant was randomized on October 23, 2023. As of August 2025, a total of 683 participants have been enrolled and randomized. Data collection will end in May 2027.
If efficacious, IDEA
will be made available to universities in Canada and the United States. To date, 6 provinces in Canada and the Campus SaVE Act in the United States require institutions to provide SA prevention programming. An evidence-based, cost-effective option that can be delivered remotely via the internet has the potential to become the gold standard. The research, therefore, has the potential to impact women's health and safety internationally.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06058455, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06058455.
DERR1-10.2196/72087.
Journal Article