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Race, criminal justice, and migration control : enforcing the boundaries of belonging
The criminalization of migration is heavily patterned by race. By placing race at the centre of its analysis, this volume examines, questions, and explains the growing intersection between criminal justice and migration control. Through the lens of race, we see how criminal justice and migration enmesh in order to exclude, stop, and excise racialized citizens and non-citizens from societies across the world within, beyond, and along borders. Race and the meaning of race in relation to citizenship and belonging is excavated through the chapters presented in the book, and the book as a whole, thereby transforming the way we think about migration. Neatly organized in four sections, the book begins with chapters that present a conceptual analysis of race, borders, and social control, moving to the institutions that make up and shape the criminal justice and migration complex. The remaining chapters are convened around the key sites where criminal justice and migration control intersect: policing, courts, and punishment. Together the volume presents a critical and timely analysis of how race shapes and complicates mobility and how racism is enabled and reanimated when criminal justice and migration control coalesce.-from publisher.
Book
Rasse“ und „Rassismus“ in politikwissenschaftlichen Fachwörterbüchern (Debatte)
Der Beitrag untersucht, wie sich das Verständnis von Rasse und Rassismus in der deutschsprachigen Politikwissenschaft über die Jahrzehnte hinweg entwickelt hat. Dafür unterzieht er die entsprechenden Einträge in politikwissenschaftlichen Fachwörterbüchern einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass sich das Begriffsverständnis im Laufe der Jahrzehnte verändert hat. In der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts finden sich offen rassistische Konzeptionen. Diese werden nach dem Ende des Nationalsozialismus zuerst durch Konzeptionen ersetzt, die von der Existenz distinkter Menschenrassen ausgehen und Rassismus als Abwertung oder Benachteiligung einiger Menschenrassen verstehen. Seit den 1970ern treten Konzeptionen hinzu, die die Idee von Menschenrassen zurückweisen und Rassismus als eine biologistische Ideologie verstehen, die Menschenrassen erfindet. Im 21. Jahrhundert schließlich kommen auch Konzeptionen auf, die, soziologisch und insbesondere poststrukturalistisch informiert, Rassismus als eine biologistische oder kulturalistische Differenzkonstruktion erfassen. Insgesamt zeigt sich, dass der Mainstream des Faches die in den Nachbardisziplinen geführte rassismuskritische Debatte nur zögerlich aufnimmt und auch Konzeptionen wirksam bleiben, die in der Rassismusdebatte gemeinhin als unhaltbar oder überholt betrachtet werden.
Journal Article
The Colorblind Crowd? Founder Race and Performance in Crowdfunding
The dearth of minority entrepreneurs has received increasing media attention but few academic analyses. In particular, the funding process creates challenges for either audit or correspondence methods, making it difficult to assess the role, or type, of discrimination influencing resource providers. We use a novel approach that combines analyses of 7,617 crowdfunding projects with an experimental design to identify whether African American men are discriminated against and whether this reflects statistical, taste-based, or unconscious bias on the part of prospective supporters. We find that African American men are significantly less likely than similar white founders to receive funding and that prospective supporters rate identical projects as lower in quality when they believe the founder is an African American male. We conclude that the reduction in perceived quality does not reflect conscious assumptions of differences in founder ability or disamenity but rather an unconscious assumption that black founders are lower quality. In two additional experiments, we identify three means of reducing this bias: through additional evidence of quality via third-party endorsements (i.e., awards, evidence of prior support), through evidence that African American founders have succeeded previously, and by removing indicators of the founder’s race.
The online appendix is available at
https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2774
.
This paper was accepted by Toby Stuart, entrepreneurship and innovation.
Journal Article
A Dark Inheritance : Blood, Race, and Sex in Colonial Jamaica
Focusing on Jamaica, Britain's most valuable colony in the Americas by the mid-eighteenth century, this book explores the relationship between racial classifications and the inherited rights and privileges associated with British subject status. The author shows how colonial racial ideologies rooted in fictions of blood ancestry at once justified permanent, hereditary slavery for Africans and barred members of certain marginalized groups from laying claim to British liberties on the basis of hereditary status.
Book
Whitened Résumés: Race and Self-Presentation in the Labor Market
Using interviews, a laboratory experiment, and a résumé audit study, we examine racial minorities' attempts to avoid anticipated discrimination in labor markets by concealing or downplaying racial cues in job applications, a practice known as \"résumé whitening.\" Interviews with racial minority university students reveal that while some minority job seekers reject this practice, others view it as essential and use a variety of whitening techniques. Building on the qualitative findings, we conduct a lab study to examine how racial minority job seekers change their résumés in response to different job postings. Results show that when targeting an employer that presents itself as valuing diversity, minority job applicants engage in relatively little résumé whitening and thus submit more racially transparent résumés. Yet our audit study of how employers respond to whitened and unwhitened résumés shows that organizational diversity statements are not actually associated with reduced discrimination against unwhitened résumés. Taken together, these findings suggest a paradox: minorities may be particularly likely to experience disadvantage when they apply to ostensibly pro-diversity employers. These findings illuminate the role of racial concealment and transparency in modern labor markets and point to an important interplay between the self-presentation of employers and the self-presentation of job seekers in shaping economic inequality.
Journal Article
The Internet and Racial Hate Crime
This research note reports on an empirical investigation of the effect of the Internet on racial hate crimes in the United States from the period 2001–2008. We find evidence that, on average, broadband availability increases racial hate crimes. We also document that the Internet’s impact on these hate crimes is not uniform in that the positive effect is stronger in areas with higher levels of racism, which we identify as those with more segregation and a higher proportion of racially charged search terms, but not significant in areas with lower levels of racism. We analyze in depth whether Internet access will enhance hate group operations but find no support for the idea that this mechanism is driving the result. In contrast, we find that online access is increasing the incidence of racial hate crimes executed by lone wolf perpetrators. Several other mechanisms that could be driving the results are described. Overall, our results shed light on one of the many offline societal challenges from increased online access.
Journal Article
Operationalizing Critical Race Theory in the Marketplace
Race is integral to the functioning and ideological underpinnings of marketplace actions yet remains undertheorized in marketing. To understand and transform the insidious ways in which race operates, the authors examine its impact in marketplaces and how these effects are shaped by intersecting forms of systemic oppression. They introduce critical race theory (CRT) to the marketing community as a useful framework for understanding consumers, consumption, and contemporary marketplaces. They outline critical theory traditions as utilized in marketing and specify the particular role of CRT as a lens through which scholars can understand marketplace dynamics. The authors delineate key CRT tenets and how they may shape the way scholars conduct research, teach, and influence practice in the marketing discipline. To clearly highlight CRT’s overall potential as a robust analytical tool in marketplace studies, the authors elaborate on the application of artificial intelligence to consumption markets. This analysis demonstrates how CRT can support an enhanced understanding of the role of race in markets and lead to a more equitable version of the marketplace than what currently exists. Beyond mere procedural modifications, applying CRT to marketplace studies mandates a paradigm shift in how marketplace equity is understood and practiced.
Journal Article
Putting tasks to the test
Using original, representative survey data, we document that analytical, routine, and manual job tasks can be measured with high validity, vary substantially within and between occupations, are significantly related to workers’ characteristics, and are robustly predictive of wage differences between occupations and among workers in the same occupation. We offer a conceptual framework that makes explicit the causal links between human capital endowments, occupational assignment, job tasks, and wages, which motivate a Roy model of the allocation of workers to occupations. We offer two simple tests of the model’s gross predictions for the relationship between tasks and wages, both of which receive qualified empirical support.
Journal Article
The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes
We examine the effect of race on market outcomes by selling iPods through local online classified advertisements throughout the US. Each advertisement features a photograph including a dark or light-skinned hand, or one with a wrist tattoo. Black sellers receive fewer and lower offers than white sellers, and the correspondence with black sellers indicates lower levels of trust. Black sellers' outcomes are particularly poor in thin markets (suggesting that discrimination may not 'survive' competition among buyers) and those with the most racial isolation and property crime (consistent with channels through which statistical discrimination might operate).
Journal Article