Explore the vast range of titles available.

Comprehensive aquifer characterization requires the development of a three-dimensional (3D) geological model and estimation of hydraulic and hydro-geochemical properties. This can be used to discern the governing processes of groundwater flow and chemistry, and plan pertinent groundwater management approaches. This study evaluated the influence of geological settings and groundwater flow on the groundwater development potential and chemistry in a Quaternary aquifer system in the Raya Valley, Ethiopia. Surface geology, digital elevations, groundwater-level measurements, and data from drill logs, pumping tests and vertical electrical soundings were combined to characterize the physical properties of the aquifer system. 3D geological and hydrogeological models were developed and used to delineate subsurface formations and to quantify groundwater flow. The aquifer was characterized as a heterogeneous and anisotropic unconfined system. The available groundwater volume was estimated to be 80 ± 1 km3 with a maximum sustainable yield of 530,409 ± 16,800 m3/day. The use of geochemical models and principal component analysis revealed that the origin and geochemical composition of the groundwater were spatially variable. Rock weathering, mineral dissolution, ion-exchange and anthropogenic activities were the major processes governing the hydro-geochemical characteristics of the aquifer, while evaporation processes caused groundwater salinity enrichment. However, even though mineral saturation of the groundwater at specific locations was highly influenced by the geologic matrix, advective groundwater transport led to areas with mixed groundwater chemistry. The observed and modelled complexity of this aquifer system suggests that such evaluations are important to design appropriate groundwater management strategies in heterogeneous and structurally complex aquifer systems.

Abstract Betta dennisyongi and Betta rubra are ornamental fish native to Aceh waters, facing a decline in population due to overexploitation and environmental changes. Therefore, this research aimed to obtain information regarding the reproduction of B. dennisyongi and B. rubra. The study was conducted from January to December 2020, with B. dennisyongi and B. rubra samples collected from Nagan Raya Regency and Aceh Besar, respectively. Approximately 1,099 Betta fish samples were successfully collected, comprising 600 B. dennisyongi and 499 B. rubra. The results showed that sex ratio (male:female) analysis had 1:5 and 1:6 for B. dennisyongi and B. rubra, respectively, indicating a predominance of female. Further analysis showed that only 15% of female B. dennisyongi samples had mature gonads out of 505 and 3.7% of male among 95 B. dennisyongi. Female of B. dennisyongi showed first mature gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.99 cm. For B. rubra, only 11.1% of female and 26.9% of male samples showed mature gonads out of 432 and 67, respectively. Female of B. rubra first matured gonads at a size of 3.86 cm, while male had maturity at 3.90 cm. Reproductive analysis showed that both species were continuous spawners in the year, as indicated by mature gonads in each month of observation, with fluctuating percentages. The peak spawning period for B. dennisyongi occurred in October, while B. rubra was observed in January. Consequently, it was recommended not to catch these species during their spawning months to maintain the sustainability of these endangered species. Resumo Betta dennisyongi e Betta rubra são peixes ornamentais nativos das águas de Aceh, que enfrentam um declínio populacional devido à superexploração e mudanças ambientais. Portanto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo obter informações sobre a reprodução dessas duas espécies. O estudo foi conduzido de janeiro a dezembro de 2020, com amostras de B. dennisyongi e B. rubra coletadas em Nagan Raya Regency e Aceh Besar, respectivamente. Aproximadamente 1.099 amostras de peixes Betta foram coletadas, compreendendo 600 B. dennisyongi e 499 B. rubra. Os resultados mostraram que a análise da proporção sexual (macho:fêmea) foi de 1:5 e 1:6 para B. dennisyongi e B. rubra, respectivamente, indicando uma predominância de fêmeas. Análises posteriores mostraram que apenas 15% das amostras de fêmeas de B. dennisyongi tinham gônadas maduras (de um total de 505), enquanto entre os 95 machos analisados, apenas 3,7% estavam sexualmente maduros. A fêmea de B. dennisyongi apresentou as primeiras gônadas maduras com um tamanho de 3,86 cm, enquanto o macho teve maturidade com 3,99 cm. Para B. rubra, apenas 11,1% das amostras de fêmeas e 26,9% dos machos apresentaram gônadas maduras de 432 e 67, respectivamente. A fêmea de B. rubra apresentou as primeiras gônadas maduras com um tamanho de 3,86 cm, enquanto o macho teve maturidade com 3,90 cm. A análise reprodutiva mostrou que ambas as espécies foram reprodutoras contínuas ao longo do ano, conforme indicado pelas gônadas maduras em cada mês de observação, com percentuais flutuantes. O pico do período de desova para B. dennisyongi ocorreu em outubro, enquanto o de B. rubra se deu em janeiro. Recomenda-se não capturar ambas as espécies durante os meses de desova, para manter a sustentabilidade dessas espécies ameaçadas.

Through an exploration of the Raya Dunayevskaya Collection, major themes of Dunayevskaya’s contribution to Marxist thought and action are presented. Her view of Marx as a philosopher of revolution in permanence, her interpretation of Lenin as a Hegelian-Marxist thinker-activist revolutionary, her reading of Hegel’s Absolutes as New Beginning for our age, her insistence that human subjects of social transformation are not alone muscle but Mind, are revolutionary Reason as well as force, and her efforts to work out and practice a dialectic of organisation and philosophy through the Marxist-Humanist organisation she founded, News and Letters Committees, are briefly discussed using documentation from her archives, which have recently been made available on the Internet. 

Sustainable development and management of groundwater resources require application of scientific principles and modern techniques. An integrated approach is implemented using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS)-based multi-criteria evaluation to identify promising areas for groundwater exploration in Raya Valley, northern Ethiopia. The thematic layers considered are lithology, lineament density, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, rainfall and land use/cover. The corresponding normalized rates for the classes in a layer and weights for thematic layers are computed using Saaty’s analytical hierarchy process. Based on the computed rates and weights, aggregating the thematic maps is done using a weighted linear combination method to obtain a groundwater potential (GP) map. The GP map is verified by overlay analysis with observed borehole yield data. Map-removal and single-parameter sensitivity analyses are used to examine the effects of removing any of the thematic layers on the GP map and to compute effective weights, respectively. About 770 km 2 (28 % of the study area) is designated as ‘very good’ GP. ‘Good’, ‘moderate’ and ‘poor’ GP areas cover 630 km 2 (23 %), 600 km 2 (22 %) and 690 km 2 (25 %), respectively; the area with ‘very poor’ GP covers 55 km 2 (2 %). Verification of the GP map against observed borehole yield data shows 74 % agreement, which is fairly satisfactory. The sensitivity analyses reveal the GP map is most sensitive to lithology with a mean variation index of 6.5 %, and lithology is the most effective thematic layer in GP mapping with mean effective weight of 52 %.

Background Although there is a wide use of wild edible plants (WEPs) in Ethiopia, very little work has so far been done, particularly, in the Tigray Region, northern Ethiopia, to properly document the associated knowledge. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to document knowledge and analyze data related to the use of wild edible and nutraceutical plants in Raya-Azebo District of Tigray Region. The district was prioritized for the study to avoid the further loss of local knowledge and discontinuation of the associated practices because of the depletion of wild edible plants in the area mainly due to agricultural expansion and largely by private investors. Methods A cross-sectional ethnobotanical study was carried out in the study District to collect data through individual interviews held with purposively selected informants, observation, market surveys, and ranking exercises. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed to analyze and summarize the data using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. Results The study documented 59 WEPs, the majority of which (57.63%) were sought for their fruits. Most of the WEPs (49 species) were consumed in the autumn, locally called qewei, which includes the months of September, October, and November. Ziziphus spina-christi L. Desf., Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del. and Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller were the most preferred WEPs. Both interviews and local market surveys revealed the marketability of Opuntia ficus-indica, Ziziphus spina-christi, Ficus vasta Forssk. , Ficus sur Forssk. , and Balanites aegyptiaca . Of the total WEPs, 21 were reported to have medicinal (nutraceutical) values, of which Balanites aegyptiaca and Acacia etbaica scored the highest rank order priority (ROP) values for their uses to treat anthrax and skin infections, respectively. Conclusions The current investigation demonstrated the wide use of WEPs in the district. In future nutritional composition analysis studies, priority should be given to the most popular WEPs, and nutraceutical plants with the highest ROP values.

Little is known about the future land use and land cover (LULC) type in some parts of Ethiopia, but not in the study area. This study aims to predict and analyze the future scenarios of LULC (2015–2033) using cellular automata and Markov Chain model (CA_Markov) by taking into consideration the physical and socio-economic drivers of LULC dynamics. The historical LULC change data of 1984–1995, 1995–2015, and 1984–2015 were used as a baseline. Both transition rules and transition area matrix for the period 1984–1995, 1995–2015, and 1984–2015 were produced quantitatively using the Markov chain model. After that, the physical and socio-economic factors were standardized using fuzzy and then Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) was used to produce the transition suitability image. The CA_Markov model was then applied as a standard contiguity filter of 5 × 5 to predict the 2033 LULC condition using the TerrSet Geospatial Modeling and Monitoring System software. The result indicated that forestland are predicted to increase by 108 sq km (44.5%), shrub/bush lands 710 sq km (20%), built-up area 286.2 sq km (48.3%), and grasslands 31 sq km (15%), respectively. However, significant reductions (losses) in a water body (Wb) 5.2 sq km (11.2%), croplands (Cl) 78.9 sq km (1.3%), barren lands (Bl) 800 sq km (27.4%), and floodplain area (Fp) 251.68 sq km (33.7%), respectively. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation result between the historical and predicted LULC type indicated that there are positive, strongly correlated, and are statistically significant relationships (r = 0.981, p  = 0.000). The increase in forest land and reduction in barren and flood plain may benefit the study area. However, the decrease in the water body may contribute to the severity of drought in the area. This study may help to use as useful information to foster better decisions and improve policies in land use within the framework of sustainable land use planning system.

The main objective of this study is to assess the impact of the Tigray People Liberation Front (TPLF) invasion on irrigation agriculture in Eastern Amhara, with a particular focus on Raya Kobo Woreda, using a remote sensing approach. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was derived from Sentinel-2B and was later used to identify vegetated areas. The results showed that agricultural implements, inputs and other resources were stolen; most of the people who lived in the area and agricultural service providers were displaced. The nursery centers used to produce seedlings for irrigation were damaged. Market availability for purchasing irrigation inputs and selling irrigation output were closed. Irrigation infrastructure and crops 'grown' before the war were damaged by weapons, passengers, and looted. For this reason, most of the Irrigation farm was not prepared, the land was fasting, and the crop yield significantly decreased. Remote sensing data analysis indicated a 69.35% reduction in vegetation (54,500.37 ha) in the post-war period compared to the pre-war period. Of this change, agricultural land, particularly irrigation areas, accounted for 12,900.24 ha. Ground truth data further revealed a significant depletion of irrigated land, with 11,612.30 hectares lost. The validation process reveals a strong alignment between the remote sensing-estimated values and the ground truth data. We concluded that remotely sensed values could be used to identify croplands in a war zone.

Objective Malaria remains still the leading cause of outpatient visits and death in Ethiopia. However, little is known about its trend in the study area. Hence, this study was aimed to assess 6-year (2011–2016) trend of malaria prevalence. A retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted to assess 6-year trends of malaria prevalence in Raya Azebo district, North Ethiopia. Malaria case recorded from 2011 to 2016 was extracted using similar format. Result A total of 29,930 malaria cases were reported from 2011 to 2016. Of these, 23,018 were confirmed cases while, 6912 were reported as clinical cases. Plasmodium falciparum (56.9%) was the most dominated species. Malaria was reported in all age group and both sexes with highest in male and > 15 age categories. The highest peak malaria distribution was occurred in spring season. The overall trends of malaria case were increased in the past 6 years (2011–2016) with exception slightly decreased from 2012 to 2013. Therefore, Strong effort is needed to improve malaria prevention and controlling method in study area.

In 2018, the Surabaya City Government established the Kebun Raya Mangrove Surabaya as a form of conservation and as an implementation of the protection outlined in Regional Regulation Document Number 12 of 2014 on the Spatial Planning of Surabaya City for 2014-2034, which designates mangroves as a protected area in the form of ecotourism. In space utilization related to this area, the RRR (Right, Restriction, Responsibility) concept can be applied. The RRR concept is a land administration principle that provides a foundation for area management in terms of defining authority boundaries, responsibilities for management (Right and Responsibility), and management/utilization restrictions (Restriction). The importance of RRR in studying the utilization of the KRM Surabaya area is to emphasize licensing, boundaries with surrounding areas, and a sustainable environmental management system that can reduce conflicts and enhance positive aspects within the cadastral system. Through visual interpretation of aerial photos from 2016 and 2024 to identify changes in area size, analysis related to responsibility will be obtained, along with supporting data from relevant agencies to identify licensing and spatial planning boundaries. The result of this study is an analysis of the RRR concept in the utilization of the KRM Surabaya area.

This review article is a historical narrative of the Doba people, who inhabited the Northeast Amhara region and Southern Tigray in what is now referred to as Raya, Ethiopia. The timeframe under consideration spans from ancient times until their eventual assimilation into the local communities. Despite the challenge of scant direct memory among the current residents of Raya, the historical traces of the Doba people are discovered through diverse sources such as chronicles, accounts from travelers, and church documents, either presented in translation or referenced within secondary materials. The article seeks to illuminate various aspects of the Doba people’s existence during the 15th and 16th centuries. This includes exploring their way of life, the geographical context of Raya, and the fluid nature of the Doba identity as it transformed interactions with other communities.