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"Reactor fuel reprocessing"
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Status and Trends in Pyroprocessing of Spent Nuclear Fuels
The importance of recycling the spent nuclear fuel through partitioning processes has been recognized worldwide for increasing and sustaining nuclear energy. Therefore, the development of advanced partitioning processes, based either on hydrometallurgical or on pyrometallurgical technologies, has received an increasing interest in recent years. Moving towards industrial demonstration, partitioning processes are applied for the separation of actinides, including minor actinides, not only to reduce the burden of high level waste to be disposed of, in terms of heat-load and radiotoxicity, but also to improve the efficiency of the resources' utilization. Furthermore, in the case of Molten Salt Reactors, whose fuel cycle is primary based on pyrochemical processes, there is a need for strengthening pyrometallurgical technologies. This publication reviews the status and trends in the development of pyrometallurgical processes and technologies for processing spent nuclear fuel and identifies gap areas requiring further development.
eBook
International Safeguards in the Design of Reprocessing Plants
This publication is part of a series that aims to inform nuclear facility designers, vendors, operators and State governments about IAEA safeguards and how associated requirements can be considered early in the design phase of a new nuclear facility.This particular publication is applicable to the design of spent nuclear fuel reprocessing plants.
eBook
Synthesis of a new carbazole-based extractant and application on the extraction of ReO.sub.4.sup.- in H.sub.2SO.sub.4 system
Selective separation and recovery of TcO.sub.4.sup.-/ReO.sub.4.sup.- is of great significance in spent fuel reprocessing, nuclear medicine, and rare earth metal smelting. In this paper, based on carbazole NH which is a strong hydrogen bond donor and electrostatic interaction, carbazole-based extractant L with a pre-organized intramolecular cavity matched with the size of TcO.sub.4.sup.-/ReO.sub.4.sup.- was designed and synthesized for selectively extracting TcO.sub.4.sup.-/ReO.sub.4.sup.-. The crystal structure showed that there was a matched pre-organized intramolecular cavity of L for TcO.sub.4.sup.-/ReO.sub.4.sup.-. Extraction performance for ReO.sub.4.sup.- by L in various extraction conditions in H.sub.2SO.sub.4-CHCl.sub.3 system was investigated. The extraction distribution ratio of ReO.sub.4.sup.- by L is more than 300 under high acidity (3 mol·L.sup.-1 H.sub.2SO.sub.4, D.sub.Re > 300), and is easy to back extraction by Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 aqueous solution(Stripping percentage > 99%). And L showed excellent selectivity for ReO.sub.4.sup.-/M(Pd.sup.2+, Eu.sup.3+, Th.sup.4+, UO.sub.2.sup.2+, MoO.sub.4.sup.2-) at 1.5 mol·L.sup.-1 H.sub.2SO.sub.4, SF.sub.Re(VII)/M could reach more than 8 x 10.sup.3. The extraction slope method and HRMS showed that the extraction mechanism was an anion exchange mechanism, and the extract complex was [H.sub.2L.sup.2+·2ReO.sub.4.sup.-]. This study offers a new idea for the selective separation of TcO.sub.4.sup.-/ReO.sub.4.sup.- by extraction in high-acidity systems. Graphical abstract
Journal Article
Redox-switchable carboranes for uranium capture and release
The uranyl ion (UO
2
2+
; U(
vi
) oxidation state) is the most common form of uranium found in terrestrial and aquatic environments and is a central component in nuclear fuel processing and waste remediation efforts. Uranyl capture from either seawater or nuclear waste has been well studied and typically relies on extremely strong chelating/binding affinities to UO
2
2+
using chelating polymers
1
,
2
, porous inorganic
3
–
5
or carbon-based
6
,
7
materials, as well as homogeneous
8
compounds. By contrast, the controlled release of uranyl after capture is less established and can be difficult, expensive or destructive to the initial material
2
,
9
. Here we show how harnessing the redox-switchable chelating and donating properties of an
ortho
-substituted
closo
-carborane (1,2-(Ph
2
PO)
2
-1,2-C
2
B
10
H
10
) cluster molecule can lead to the controlled chemical or electrochemical capture and release of UO
2
2+
in monophasic (organic) or biphasic (organic/aqueous) model solvent systems. This is achieved by taking advantage of the increase in the ligand bite angle when the
closo
-carborane is reduced to the
nido
-carborane, resulting in C–C bond rupture and cage opening. The use of electrochemical methods for uranyl capture and release may complement existing sorbent and processing systems.
Redox-switchable chelation is demonstrated for a carborane cluster molecule, leading to controlled chemical or electrochemical capture and release of uranyl in monophasic or biphasic model solvent systems.
Journal Article
