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"Reactors"
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Sodium fast reactors with closed fuel cycle
The authors cover research and development on the sodium cooled fast reactors. They deal with a wide range of topics in the domain of science and technology under topics like design aspects, safety, construction, fuel cycles, and more.
Book
Expert assessments of the cost of light water small modular reactors
Analysts and decision makers frequently want estimates of the cost of technologies that have yet to be developed or deployed. Small modular reactors (SMRs), which could become part of a portfolio of carbon-free energy sources, are one such technology. Existing estimates of likely SMR costs rely on problematic top-down approaches or bottom-up assessments that are proprietary. When done properly, expert elicitations can complement these approaches. We developed detailed technical descriptions of two SMR designs and then conduced elicitation interviews in which we obtained probabilistic judgments from 16 experts who are involved in, or have access to, engineering-economic assessments of SMR projects. Here, we report estimates of the overnight cost and construction duration for five reactor-deployment scenarios that involve a large reactor and two light water SMRs. Consistent with the uncertainty introduced by past cost overruns and construction delays, median estimates of the cost of new large plants vary by more than a factor of 2.5. Expert judgments about likely SMR costs display an even wider range. Median estimates for a 45 megawatts-electric (MW ₑ) SMR range from $4,000 to $16,300/kW ₑ and from $3,200 to $7,100/kW ₑ for a 225-MW ₑ SMR. Sources of disagreement are highlighted, exposing the thought processes of experts involved with SMR design. There was consensus that SMRs could be built and brought online about 2 y faster than large reactors. Experts identify more affordable unit cost, factory fabrication, and shorter construction schedules as factors that may make light water SMRs economically viable.
Journal Article
China prepares to test thorium-fuelled nuclear reactor
If China's experimental reactor is a success it could lead to commercialization and help the nation meet its climate goals.
Journal Article
Current state of research on pressurized water reactor safety
For more than 40 years, IPSN then IRSN has conducted research and development on nuclear safety, specifically concerning pressurized water reactors, which are the reactor type used in France. This publication reports on the progress of this research and development in each area of study – loss-of-coolant accidents, core melt accidents, fires and external hazards, component aging, etc. –, the remaining uncertainties and, in some cases, new measures that should be developed to consolidate the safety of today’s reactors and also those of tomorrow. A chapter of this report is also devoted to research into human and organizational factors, and the human and social sciences more generally. All of the work is reviewed in the light of the safety issues raised by feedback from major accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi, as well as the issues raised by assessments conducted, for example, as part of the ten-year reviews of safety at French nuclear reactors. Finally, through the subjects it discusses, this report illustrates the many partnerships and exchanges forged by IRSN with public, industrial and academic bodies both within Europe and internationally.
eBook
Feasibility Study to Byproduce Medical Radioisotopes in a Fusion Reactor
Currently, international nuclear fission reactors producing medical isotopes face the problem of shutdown and maintenance, decommissioning, or dismantling, while the production capacity of domestic research reactors for medical radioisotopes is inadequate, and the supply capacity for medical radioisotopes faces major challenges in the future. Fusion reactors are characterized by high neutron energy, high flux density, and the absence of highly radioactive fission fragments. Additionally, compared to fission reactors, the reactivity of the fusion reactor core is not significantly affected by the target material. By building a preliminary model of the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR), a Monte Carlo simulation was performed for particle transport between different target materials at a fusion power of 2 GW. The yields (specific activity) of six medical radioisotopes (
C,
Sr,
P,
Cu,
Cu, and
Mo) with various irradiation positions, different target materials, and different irradiation times were studied, and compared with those of other high-flux engineering test reactors (HFETR) and the China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR). The results show that this approach not only provides competitive medical isotope yield, but also contributes to the performance of the fusion reactor itself, e.g., tritium self-sustainability and shielding performance.
Journal Article
Safety in design
Sales Handles: Describes and makes a case for the use of High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors as better and safer reactors over the currently used Light Water Reactors - Describes the application of the concept of intrinsic continuous process safeguarding in the chemical industry to other fields of society as well, including transportation, farming, the building trade, and leisure - The concept of intrinsic process safeguarding in the chemical industry comprises that the protection of reaction systems is based on their chemical and physical properties and is therefore not endangered by human errors or failures of instrumentation - Includes the description of approximately 70 accidents/incidents - Teaches the reader where applicable to integrate the safety of a design into the design itself - Recommends safe nuclear reactors Market description: Chemical, Civil, Mechanical, Risk, Safety Engineers, Chemists, Physicists, Managers (technical, production, business), Process Safety professionals, HSE professionals Government personnel involved in regulating and overseeing chemical plants and procedures as well as in traffic, storage, production etc Insurers, especially those dealing with catastrophic loss potentials-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Defining the Challenges—Identifying the Key Poisoning Elements to Be Separated in a Future Integrated Molten Salt Fast Reactor Clean-Up System for iMAGINE
Nuclear fission technologies have the potential to play a significant role in the energy mix of a net-zero and sustainable society. However, to achieve the sustainability goal two significant challenges remain: efficient and sustainable fuel usage and the minimization of long-term nuclear waste. Civil nuclear molten salt systems and technologies offer the opportunity to address both, delivering future reactors at scale for efficient and effective power production and nuclear waste burnup. Potentially, both objectives could be fulfilled in one reactor system, which could significantly improve sustainability indices. The key to this innovation is demand driven development of a significantly reduced fuel cycle with enhanced proliferation resistance which offers further potential for improvement. To achieve these goals, a transformative approach for salt clean-up during molten salt reactor operation is proposed, by concentrating on the detection and removal of key neutron poisoning elements which prevent the reactor from long-term operation. To enable this highly innovative development work, a novel analysis of the evolving elementary fuel composition, their concentrations, and their criticality influence is now provided in this work. This, combined with consideration of the oxidation states of each of these elements then provides the basis for the selection of these key poisons and the development of advanced separation processes and process monitoring. This work also discusses the importance of the effective integration of physics and chemistry when systems modelling in achieving these system development goals.
Journal Article