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Using wave propogation as the common thread, this is the first book to simultaneously analyze the emergence of realist attitudes towards the entities of the ionosphere and of the earth's crust. However, what led physicists and engineers to adopt realist attitudes? Anduaga Egaنna suggests that a new kind of realism--a realism of social and cultural origins--is the answer: a preliminary, entity realism responding to specific commercial and engineering interests, and a realism that was neither strictly instrumental nor exclusively operational.

An examination of our many modes of online identity and how we live on the continuum between the virtual and the real.Hello Avatar!Or, {llSay(0, \"Hello, Avatar!\"); is a tiny piece of user-friendly code that allows us to program our virtual selves.In Hello Avatar , B.

A Bell test is a randomized trial that compares experimental observations against the philosophical worldview of local realism 1 , in which the properties of the physical world are independent of our observation of them and no signal travels faster than light. A Bell test requires spatially distributed entanglement, fast and high-efficiency detection and unpredictable measurement settings 2 , 3 . Although technology can satisfy the first two of these requirements 4 – 7 , the use of physical devices to choose settings in a Bell test involves making assumptions about the physics that one aims to test. Bell himself noted this weakness in using physical setting choices and argued that human ‘free will’ could be used rigorously to ensure unpredictability in Bell tests 8 . Here we report a set of local-realism tests using human choices, which avoids assumptions about predictability in physics. We recruited about 100,000 human participants to play an online video game that incentivizes fast, sustained input of unpredictable selections and illustrates Bell-test methodology 9 . The participants generated 97,347,490 binary choices, which were directed via a scalable web platform to 12 laboratories on five continents, where 13 experiments tested local realism using photons 5 , 6 , single atoms 7 , atomic ensembles 10 and superconducting devices 11 . Over a 12-hour period on 30 November 2016, participants worldwide provided a sustained data flow of over 1,000 bits per second to the experiments, which used different human-generated data to choose each measurement setting. The observed correlations strongly contradict local realism and other realistic positions in bipartite and tripartite 12 scenarios. Project outcomes include closing the ‘freedom-of-choice loophole’ (the possibility that the setting choices are influenced by ‘hidden variables’ to correlate with the particle properties 13 ), the utilization of video-game methods 14 for rapid collection of human-generated randomness, and the use of networking techniques for global participation in experimental science. The BIG Bell Test, which used an online video game with 100,000 participants worldwide to provide random bits to 13 quantum physics experiments, contradicts the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen worldview of local realism.

Arguing that the virtual body is something new—namely, an entity that from an ontological perspective has only recently entered the world—Roberto Diodato considers the implications of this kind of body for aesthetics. Virtual bodies insert themselves into the space opened up by the famous distinction in Aristotle's Physics between natural and artificial beings—they are both. They are beings that are simultaneously events; they are images that are at once internal and external; they are ontological hybrids that exist only in the interaction between logical-computational text and human bodies endowed with technological prostheses. Pursuing this line of thought, Diodato reconfigures classic aesthetic concepts such as mimesis, representation, the relation between illusion and reality, the nature of images and imagination, and the theory of sensory knowledge.

The present article proposes a new take on the realist interpretation of the Gōngsūn Lóngzǐ, which theorizes the existence of a theory of universals in the text. Building on the “two-level ontology” hypothesis, it argues that the Gōngsūn Lóngz ǐ elaborates a complex category theory that should rather be interpreted in terms of concrete rather than abstract universals. Through the analysis of some of the most famous arguments debated in the text, such as the “white horse” and the “hard and white stone,” among others, the article delineates a distinction between what seems to be two different types of categories, “incidental qualities” and “structural qualities.” Through this analysis, the article aims to show how this interpretation can help disambiguate the meaning of certain obscure passages, and to identify an underlying line of reasoning that runs like a thread through the text, despite its complex textual history.

We designed an intervention to teach people about false polarization and the concept of naïve realism, which involved a short educational video combined with an interactive exercise in which participants were shown that they had engaged in false polarization. Our goal was to examine if this intervention reduced political polarization of three types: extremity of attitude, disliking of political opponents, and perceptions of others as more extreme than those others really are. In two studies, one with Canadian undergraduate participants and the other with a nationwide all-ages sample in Canada, we found that the intervention reduced how extreme people perceived political opponents to be. The undergraduate sample study also found that the observed effects persisted at 3-week follow-up. In the undergraduate sample, but not the all-ages sample, we found that the intervention reduced perceptions that the other side is biased and immoral. In neither study did we find the intervention reduced attitude extremity or disliking of political opponents. We discuss the implications of these results for designing interventions to reduce political polarization. Nous avons conçu une intervention pour enseigner aux gens la fausse polarisation et le concept de réalisme naïf, qui comprenait une courte vidéo éducative combinée à un exercice interactif dans lequel on montrait aux participants qu'ils s'étaient livrés à une fausse polarisation. Notre objectif était d'examiner si cette intervention réduisait la polarisation politique de trois types : l'extrémisme de l'attitude, l'aversion pour les adversaires politiques et la perception des autres comme étant plus extrêmes qu'ils ne le sont réellement. Dans deux études, l'une avec des participants canadiens de premier cycle et l'autre avec un échantillon national de tous âges au Canada, nous avons constaté que l'intervention réduisait le degré d'extrémisme des adversaires politiques perçu par les gens. L'étude menée auprès d'un échantillon d'étudiants de premier cycle a également montré que les effets observés persistaient après un suivi de trois semaines. Dans l'échantillon des étudiants de premier cycle, mais pas dans celui des étudiants de tous âges, nous avons constaté que l'intervention réduisait les perceptions selon lesquelles l'autre camp est partial et immoral. Dans aucune des deux études, nous n'avons constaté que l'intervention réduisait l'extrémisme de l'attitude ou l'aversion pour les adversaires politiques. Nous discutons des implications de ces résultats pour la conception d'interventions visant à réduire la polarisation politique. Public Significance Statement Political polarization is increasing in recent years. In addition to its effects on the political system itself, polarization causes emotional distress for individuals and encourages conflict between people. The present study tested an intervention that effectively reduced how much people perceive others as extreme but did not reduce extremity of people's own attitudes or how much people disliked political adversaries.