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Purpose>The purpose of this research is to develop a generic framework of a digital twin (DT)-based automated construction progress monitoring through reality capture to extended reality (RC-to-XR).Design/methodology/approach>IDEF0 data modeling method has been designed to establish an integration of reality capturing technologies by using BIM, DTs and XR for automated construction progress monitoring. Structural equation modeling (SEM) method has been used to test the proposed hypotheses and develop the skill model to examine the reliability, validity and contribution of the framework to understand the DRX model's effectiveness if implemented in real practice.Findings>The research findings validate the positive impact and importance of utilizing technology integration in a logical framework such as DRX, which provides trustable, real-time, transparent and digital construction progress monitoring.Practical implications>DRX system captures accurate, real-time and comprehensive data at construction stage, analyses data and information precisely and quickly, visualizes information and reports in a real scale environment, facilitates information flows and communication, learns from itself, historical data and accessible online data to predict future actions, provides semantic and digitalize construction information with analytical capabilities and optimizes decision-making process.Originality/value>The research presents a framework of an automated construction progress monitoring system that integrates BIM, various reality capturing technologies, DT and XR technologies (VR, AR and MR), arraying the steps on how these technologies work collaboratively to create, capture, generate, analyze, manage and visualize construction progress data, information and reports.

Reality capture allows for the reconstruction, with a high accuracy, of the physical reality of cultural heritage sites. Obtained 3D models are often used for various applications such as promotional content creation, virtual tours, and immersive experiences. In this paper, we study new ways to interact with these high-quality 3D reconstructions in a real-world scenario. We propose a user-centric product design to create a virtual reality (VR) application specifically intended for multi-modal purposes. It is applied to the castle of Jehay (Belgium), which is under renovation, to permit multi-user digital immersive experiences. The article proposes a high-level view of multi-disciplinary processes, from a needs analysis to the 3D reality capture workflow and the creation of a VR environment incorporated into an immersive application. We provide several relevant VR parameters for the scene optimization, the locomotion system, and the multi-user environment definition that were tested in a heritage tourism context.

Geometric quality inspection is an essential process in digital construction that provides insight into the conformity of the fabricated components to their designed models. It is even more important and challenging in modern 3D concrete printing processes where the realization of complex and intricate objects is possible. Using the right sensors for data capture is one of the key factors in the success and reliability of inspection results. Geometric inspection after printing makes it possible to update the digital model, adjust the next production step, or reject the fabricated objects if the deviation exceeds tolerances. This research investigates three different approaches, namely Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), Terrestrial Photogrammetry (TP), and hand-held Structured Light Scanning (SLS), for the quality inspection of two medium-sized digitally fabricated concrete components. We compared the results of the data captured by each sensor with the respective other two sensors using cloud-to-mesh (C2M) distances. In all cases, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) is less than 1mm which is acceptable for the majority of applications within the realm of digital construction. Considering the geometric performance and other parameters –such as time, cost, and flexibility–to name a few, we conclude that hand-held SLS is an optimal choice for geometric inspection of small to medium-sized objects.

Modern trends in geospatial data acquisition are increasingly focused on efficiency, automation, and cost-effectiveness while maintaining sufficient accuracy for a wide range of applications. This paper evaluates the performance of several modern scanning devices, including terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) systems and SLAM-based or photogrammetry-LiDAR based solutions. Measurements were carried out in interior and exterior environments to assess not only positional accuracy but also practical aspects such as acquisition time, post-processing requirements, and overall costs. Results show that while SLAM-based scanners significantly reduce acquisition time and required manpower, their accuracy is lower compared to static TLS methods. Hybrid approaches offer a compromise, balancing speed with improved precision. Cloud-based solutions, such as the Matterport Pro3, provide user-friendly workflows but exhibit significant noise and registration errors, making them unsuitable for high-accuracy surveying tasks.This study confirms that no single scanning technology is universally optimal; instead, the balance between accuracy, efficiency, cost, and operator expertise must guide the choice of device for each specific application.

The urgent need to improve performance in the construction industry has led to the adoption of many innovative technologies. 3D laser scanners are amongst the leading technologies being used to capture and process assets or construction project data for use in various applications. Due to its nascent nature, many questions are still unanswered about 3D laser scanning, which in turn contribute to the slow adaptation of the technology. Some of these include the role of 3D laser scanners in capturing and processing raw construction project data. How accurate are the 3D laser scanner or point cloud data? How does laser scanning fit with other wider emerging technologies such as building information modeling (BIM)? This study adopts a proof-of-concept approach, which in addition to answering the aforementioned questions, illustrates the application of the technology in practice. The study finds that the quality of the data, commonly referred to as point cloud data, is still a major issue as it depends on the distance between the target object and 3D laser scanner’s station. Additionally, the quality of the data is still very dependent on data file sizes and the computational power of the processing machine. Lastly, the connection between laser scanning and BIM approaches is still weak as what can be done with a point cloud data model in a BIM environment is still very limited. The aforementioned findings reinforce existing views on the use of 3D laser scanners in capturing and processing construction project data.

Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) is increasingly utilized to develop accurate and semantic-rich databases for the representation, preservation, and renovation of cultural heritage. A critical factor in successful HBIM delivery is the intended uses of the model, which need to be established by stakeholders at the onset of the program. Despite the greater application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technologies to HBIM workflows, the discipline continues to lack clarity regarding information requirements from a tenant perspective. The first stage of this research was a review of 26 published HBIM case studies to extract information including HBIM workflows, level of development (LOD) models in the field, and the stakeholders’ participation in the HBIM program. The findings from the case studies conclude that most HBIM methodologies did not seek to understand the needs of assumptive stakeholders and lacked a clearly defined objective. Ten interviews with proprietors of ten different historic courthouses in the southeastern United States were also included in the study, which were used to identify the priorities of HBIM programs from a built heritage stakeholder’s standpoint. These priorities were used in conjunction with reviewed field standards to develop LOD supplement guidelines applicable for HBIM, which were then validated through a case study. The findings of this research conclude that the creation of LOD guidelines for HBIM application is both achievable and advisable, as they allow stakeholders to identify their priorities for HBIM projects. Such guidelines would assist in standardizing the HBIM discipline and disseminating its usefulness to historic building managers. This research also provides standards that allow cultural heritage stakeholders to make informed decisions about potential HBIM programs and maximize the use of resources to implement such programs. Moreover, the methodology implemented in this research offers a valuable example for future studies on HBIM guidelines and regulations.

Deep Learning has entered strongly into the everyday lives of all of us. We find it in the world of journalism, in the economic sector, in the medical sector and so on. In the world of three-dimensional reality capturing, there are numerous possibilities for implementation. The case study, presented here, starts from the photogrammetric scan of the statue of Dante located at Piazza dei Signori in Verona.

Deep Learning has entered strongly into the everyday lives of all of us. We find it in the world of journalism, in the economic sector, in the medical sector and so on. In the world of three-dimensional reality capturing, there are numerous possibilities for implementation. The case study, presented here, starts from the photogrammetric scan of the statue of Dante located at Piazza dei Signori in Verona.

Reality Capture (RC) is a state-of-the-art technology for digital data gathering and visualization of the actual environment through virtual means. In recent years, RC has contributed significantly to the digitalization of the construction industry globally. However, there are no systematic critical analyses of the benefits and challenges of RC technologies in construction project management (CPM) to drive its adoption. This research provides a detailed overview of the potential benefits and constraints of RC to tackle CPM concerns successfully and efficiently. This study uses the PRISMA procedure to conduct a systematic literature review. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria set for the study, 96 articles were considered relevant for review. The articles were analyzed using content analysis techniques to synthesize identify emerging themes. A four-step procedure was used to classify the articles into pre-construction planning, designing and construction. The review show that (a) RC is useful during the planning and designing stage, as the success of a construction project depends on accurate data to reduce the risk of cost and time overruns; (b) the benefits of RC adoption are accurate data, reduced time spent on project monitoring, progress tracking, and quality assessment; (c) RC on a construction site aids in the resolution of the industry’s fragmented nature through collaboration; quick and prompt decision making through remote monitoring and control of projects. RC is used as a visualization tool and for digital documentation of as-built models, construction verification, and flaw discovery, thereby improving work processes to achieve project success; (d) the most challenging aspect of incorporating RC on a construction site is the high investment cost. In the digital revolution era, this study could aid in the knowledge and optimal use of Reality Capture in numerous areas of CPM.

This paper presents a comparative analysis of point clouds acquired from a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) survey and a 3D virtual tour using Matterport technology for heritage building information modeling (HBIM) development. The study uses the Cloister of the Royal College of Corpus Christi Seminary, an important cultural heritage site in Valencia, Spain, as a case study. The point clouds from the TLS survey and Matterport scans were compared both quantitively in CloudCompare software and visually to assess their accuracy and quality. The Matterport point cloud data was found to be slightly lower in quality and accuracy compared to the TLS data, but still sufficient for developing some low-tolerance geometry in the HBIM model. The study shows that Matterport point cloud data has potential to supplement TLS scans, particularly in areas missed during the TLS survey due to range limitations. Matterport technology is accessible, affordable, and easy to use, making it a feasible option for heritage sites with limited resources. Moreover, Matterport technology captures high-quality visual data, including color and texture, providing a detailed representation of the heritage site. Thus, Matterport technology can be a valuable contribution to cultural heritage documentation and preservation, particularly for sites requiring a quick and efficient surveying process. The findings of this research offer insights into the relative advantages and limitations of these two reality capture techniques for cultural heritage documentation and preservation, and could potentially inform decision-making processes for future heritage preservation projects.