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This book analyses the adverse effects of globalisation and liberalisation - manifest in the increased financialisation of capital and the concomitant global financial crisis - on the labour force in different countries, especially the developing ones. It also critically re-assesses the role of informal sector in providing employment, and the potential of trade unions in protecting workers' interests.

In order to treat MAGRD in the maxillary anterior region, the VISTA approach was evaluated and compared with and without A-PRF. A split mouth RCT was designed with 216 MAGRD that were assigned to VISTA alone and VISTA with A-PRF. The complete root coverage (CRC) and gingival thickness (GT) were measured using CBCT at baseline and 12 months post-operatively, while the clinical parameters of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), width of keratinized gingival (WKG), gingival recession depth (GRD), and gingival recession width (GRW) were recorded at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. From baseline to 12 months, there was a significant decrease in the mean values of GRD and GRW with an increase in WKG. CBCT scans showed a significant increase in GT mean values. According to these results, the Test group's CRC was higher (95.92%) than the Control groups (85.02%). In contrast to the Control group, the Test group demonstrated superior MAGRD resolution in achieving a decrease in GRD and GRW as well as a higher increase in WKG and GT. These findings resulted into a substantially more CRC for the Test group.

Objectives In order to treat MAGRD in the maxillary anterior region, the VISTA approach was evaluated and compared with and without A-PRF. Materials and methods A split mouth RCT was designed with 216 MAGRD that were assigned to VISTA alone and VISTA with A-PRF. The complete root coverage (CRC) and gingival thickness (GT) were measured using CBCT at baseline and 12 months post-operatively, while the clinical parameters of probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), width of keratinized gingival (WKG), gingival recession depth (GRD), and gingival recession width (GRW) were recorded at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Results From baseline to 12 months, there was a significant decrease in the mean values of GRD and GRW with an increase in WKG. CBCT scans showed a significant increase in GT mean values. According to these results, the Test group's CRC was higher (95.92%) than the Control groups (85.02%). Conclusions In contrast to the Control group, the Test group demonstrated superior MAGRD resolution in achieving a decrease in GRD and GRW as well as a higher increase in WKG and GT. These findings resulted into a substantially more CRC for the Test group. Trial registration Registration no. CTRI/2022/09/045845. Registered on: 26/09/2022

Modern growth theory suggests that more than three-quarters of growth since 1950 reflects rising educational attainment and research intensity. As these transition dynamics fade, US economic growth is likely to slow at some point. However, the rise of China, India, and other emerging economies may allow another few decades of rapid growth in world researchers. Finally, and more speculatively, the shape of the idea production function introduces a fundamental uncertainty into the future of growth. For example, the possibility that artificial intelligence will allow machines to replace workers to some extent could lead to higher growth in the future.

The recent economic rise of China and India has attracted a great deal of attention--and justifiably so. Together, the two countries account for one-fifth of the global economy and are projected to represent a full third of the world's income by 2025. Yet, many of the views regarding China and India's market reforms and high growth have been tendentious, exaggerated, or oversimplified.Awakening Giants, Feet of Clayscrutinizes the phenomenal rise of both nations, and demolishes the myths that have accumulated around the economic achievements of these two giants in the last quarter century. Exploring the challenges that both countries must overcome to become true leaders in the international economy, Pranab Bardhan looks beyond short-run macroeconomic issues to examine and compare China and India's major policy changes, political and economic structures, and current general performance. Bardhan investigates the two countries' economic reforms, each nation's pattern and composition of growth, and the problems afflicting their agricultural, industrial, infrastructural, and financial sectors. He considers how these factors affect China and India's poverty, inequality, and environment, how political factors shape each country's pattern of burgeoning capitalism, and how significant poverty reduction in both countries is mainly due to domestic factors--not global integration, as most would believe. He shows how authoritarianism has distorted Chinese development while democratic governance in India has been marred by severe accountability failures. Full of valuable insights,Awakening Giants, Feet of Clayprovides a nuanced picture of China and India's complex political economy at a time of startling global reconfiguration and change.

Purpose: Recently, human amniotic membrane (AM) has been reported to have regenerative potential that facilitate repair in the field of oral and periodontal surgeries. Methods: Eighteen subjects with bilateral Miller's class I gingival recession defects were selected. Subjects were allocated randomly to treatment with coronally positioned flap + amnion allograft (test group) and coronally positioned flap alone (control group). The clinical parameters used in this study were width of attached gingiva (AG), clinical attachment level (CAL), pocket depth (PD), width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), length of gingival recession (RL), width of gingival recession (RW). Results: The mean width of attached gingiva at the control sites (A) was found to be 1.33 ± 0.50 mm (range 1.00-2.00), 2.00 ± 0.71 mm (range 2.00-3.00) and 2.22 ± 0.67 mm (range 2.00-3.00) on day 0, 90 and 180, respectively. Thus, it was increased by 0.67 mm and 0.89 mm on day 90 and 180 compared to that of the baseline, which are 50% and 67%, respectively. Conclusions: It can be concluded that combined coronally advanced flap and amniotic membrane have additional advantage in the outcome of periodontal therapy in the management of gingival recession.

Background: The aim of this research was to determine and compare the clinical efficacy of leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) and advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) in combination with coronally advanced flap (CAF) in the treatment of gingival recession defects. Methods: Systemically healthy subjects presenting with 30 Miller’s class I or II gingival recession defects in maxillary anteriors and premolars, were treated with either CAF + L-PRF or CAF + A-PRF. Clinical parameters such as recession height (RH), width, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level (CAL), keratinized tissue height (KTH), and width of attached gingiva (WAG) were measured at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Gingival biotype was evaluated at baseline and 6 months post-surgery. Mean root coverage percentage (MRC%) was evaluated at 3 and 6 months. Results: Statistically significant reduction in mean RH was observed from baseline (2.53 ± 0.74 mm, 2.63 ± 0.82 mm) to 6 months (0.87 ± 0.83 mm, 0.53 ± 0.91 mm) in CAF + L-PRF and CAF + A-PRF groups, respectively. The MRC% achieved at 6 months was 67.20 ± 32.81 in the CAF + L-PRF group and 81.66 ± 28.21 in the CAF + A-PRF group. Statistically significant gain in CAL, WAG, and KTH was observed in both therapeutic groups (p < 0.05). Intergroup analysis revealed no statistically significant differences among study parameters between groups at any time point (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, both L-PRF and A-PRF may be suggested as viable treatment options for the management of gingival recession in maxilla.

The study, first of its kind in the Kashmir Valley, uses a time series of satellite data (1980–2018) to determine the glacier health, which is critical for sustaining the perenniality of the rivers originating from the area. The role of topography, morphology and climate on the observed glacier recession was investigated. In total, 147 glaciers were mapped from 1980 image; ~ 72% of the glaciers have area ≤ 3 km 2 and a majority of them (123) are having size < 1 km 2 . The glaciers have reduced from 101.73 ± 16.79 km 2 in 1980 to 72.41 ± 4.7 km 2 in 2018 showing a recession of 29.32 ± 12.09 km 2 during the period (28.82%). The observed glacier loss is higher (0.77 ± 0.31 km 2 a −1 ) compared with the other Himalayan regions. The results indicated that there is strong influence of altitude, aspect, slope and climate on glacier recession. The glaciers with area ≤ 1 km 2 have receded significantly more (41.20 ± 6.20%) than the larger glaciers > 3 km 2 in area (15.97 ± 5.13%). The glaciers situated between 4200 and 4400 m altitudes have receded more (~ 55 ± 5.01%) than those situated at altitudes > 4800 m (~ 19 ± 6.9%). Furthermore, the glaciers with steep slope (> 25) have witnessed lower recession (0.25 ± 0.15 km 2 a −1 ) compared to the glaciers with gentle slope (0.51 ± 0.22 km 2 a −1 ). The south-facing glaciers showed higher recession (~ 38%) compared with the north-facing glaciers (~ 27%). The findings suggest that the increase in temperature and decline in winter solid precipitation have resulted in the glacier recession with the consequent depletion of the streamflows, which, if continued in the future, would adversely affect the economy in the region.

Purpose: To report long-term motor and sensory outcomes after unilateral medial rectus recession–lateral rectus resection for infantile esotropia. Methods: The medical records of patients who had undergone unilateral medial rectus recession–lateral rectus resection for infantile esotropia and were followed up postoperatively for a minimum of 10 years were reviewed retrospectively. Results: A total of 100 patients were included. The mean age at surgery was 2.9 ± 2.2 years (range: 2.5 months to 9.0 years). The mean postoperative follow-up was 15.7 ± 4.4 years (range:10.0 to 27.5 years). Overall, 54 patients (54%) had surgical success at their last follow-up visit. Age at first surgery, strabismus duration, degree of hyperopia, preoperative size of deviation, presence of dissociated vertical deviation, inferior oblique overaction, or both dissociated vertical deviation and inferior oblique overaction, and the number of esotropia surgeries did not predict motor outcome after surgery. Consecutive exotropia developed in 43% of patients (constant in 18% and intermittent in 25%). Residual and recurrent esotropia occurred in 20% and 21% of patients, respectively. Refractive accommodative esotropia developed in 17% of patients and there was a high accommodation convergence/accommodation ratio esotropia in 2%. Peripheral binocular single vision was achieved in 54% of patients and stereopsis in 1%. Patients with 1.5 years or less of strabismus duration had better chances of achieving peripheral binocular single vision. Conclusions: Nearly half of the patients with infantile esotropia achieved a successful long-term motor outcome and peripheral binocular single vision. Consecutive exotropia occurred frequently. Recurrent esotropia and refractive accommodative esotropia developed in some patients, and a high accommodation convergence/accommodation ratio esotropia in a few. Stereopsis outcome was extremely poor. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(2):106–113.]

Glacier-associated hazards are becoming a common and serious challenge to the high mountainous regions of the world. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are one of the most serious unanticipated glacier hazards, with the potential to release a huge amount of water and debris in a short span of time, resulting in the loss of lives, property, and severe damage to downstream valleys. The present study used multi-temporal Landsat and Google earth imageries to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamism of the selected glacial lake (moraine-dammed) in the Satluj basin of Western Himalayas. Furthermore, GLOF susceptibility of the lake was assessed using a multi-criteria decision-based method. The results show that the lake area has increased from 0.11 to 0.26 km 2 over the past 28 years from 1990 to 2018. The susceptibility index value for the lake was calculated as 0.75, which indicates that the lake is highly susceptible to the GLOF. The depth and volume of the lake were estimated to be 16 m and 57 × 10 5 m 3 , respectively, using an empirical formula. HEC-RAS, HECGeo-RAS, and Arc-GIS software were utilized in this study to perform unsteady flow analysis and to determine the GLOF impact on the downstream area. The worst-case GLOF scenario (breach width of 75 m) was revealed during an overtopping failure of the moraine dam, resulted in a peak discharge of 4060 m 3 /s and releasing a total water volume of 57 × 10 5 m 3 . The breach hydrograph has been routed to calculate the spatial and temporal distribution of peak flood, inundation depth, velocity, water surface elevation, and flood peak arrival time along the river channel. The analysis further reveals that the routed flood waves reach the nearest settlement, i.e., Rajpur town, situated at a distance of 102 km in the downstream valley of the lake at 6 h after the beginning of the lake breach event with a peak discharge/flood of 1757 m 3 /s and maximum flow velocity of 1.5 m/s. With the ongoing climate warming and glacier retreat, moraine-dammed lakes are becoming more hazardous and thus increasing the total threat. Therefore, it is mandatory to monitor and assess such lakes at regular intervals of time to lessen the disastrous impacts of GLOFs on the livelihood and infrastructure in the downstream valleys. The findings of this study will aid in the creation of risk management plans, preparatory tactics, and risk reduction techniques for GLOF hazards in the region.