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How data happened : a history from the age of reason to the age of algorithms
\"From facial recognition--capable of checking people into flights or identifying undocumented residents--to automated decision systems that inform who gets loans and who receives bail, each of us moves through a world determined by data-empowered algorithms. But these technologies didn't just appear: they are part of a history that goes back centuries, from the census enshrined in the US Constitution to the birth of eugenics in Victorian Britain to the development of Google search. Expanding on the popular course they created at Columbia University, Chris Wiggins and Matthew L. Jones illuminate the ways in which data has long been used as a tool and a weapon in arguing for what is true, as well as a means of rearranging or defending power. They explore how data was created and curated, as well as how new mathematical and computational techniques developed to contend with that data serve to shape people, ideas, society, military operations, and economies. Although technology and mathematics are at its heart, the story of data ultimately concerns an unstable game among states, corporations, and people. How were new technical and scientific capabilities developed; who supported, advanced, or funded these capabilities or transitions; and how did they change who could do what, from what, and to whom? Wiggins and Jones focus on these questions as they trace data's historical arc, and look to the future. By understanding the trajectory of data--where it has been and where it might yet go--Wiggins and Jones argue that we can understand how to bend it to ends that we collectively choose, with intentionality and purpose.\"-- Publisher marketing.
Book
A Quantitative Analysis of Regional Well-Being
Using data from the World Values Survey, this book sheds light on the link between happiness and the social group to which one belongs. The work is based on a rigorous statistical analysis of differences in the probability of happiness and life satisfaction between the predominant social group and subordinate groups.
The cases of India and South Africa receive deep attention in dedicated chapters on cast and race, with other chapters considering issues such as cultural bias, religion, patriarchy, and gender. An additional chapter offers a global perspective. On top of this, the longitudinal nature of the data facilitates an examination of how world happiness has evolved between 1994 and 2014.
This book will be a valuable reference for advanced students, scholars and policymakers involved in development economics, well-being, development geography, and sociology.
eBook
Handbook of Ethics in Quantitative Methodology
This comprehensive Handbook is the first to provide a practical, interdisciplinary review of ethical issues as they relate to quantitative methodology including how to present evidence for reliability and validity, what comprises an adequate tested population, and what constitutes scientific knowledge for eliminating biases. The book uses an ethical framework that emphasizes the human cost of quantitative decision making to help researchers understand the specific implications of their choices. The order of the Handbook chapters parallels the chronology of the research process: determining the research design and data collection; data analysis; and communicating findings. Each chapter:
Explores the ethics of a particular topic
Identifies prevailing methodological issues
Reviews strategies and approaches for handling such issues and their ethical implications
Provides one or more case examples
Outlines plausible approaches to the issue including best-practice solutions.
Part 1 presents ethical frameworks that cross-cut design, analysis, and modeling in the behavioral sciences. Part 2 focuses on ideas for disseminating ethical training in statistics courses. Part 3 considers the ethical aspects of selecting measurement instruments and sample size planning and explores issues related to high stakes testing, the defensibility of experimental vs. quasi-experimental research designs, and ethics in program evaluation. Decision points that shape a researchers' approach to data analysis are examined in Part 4 - when and why analysts need to account for how the sample was selected, how to evaluate tradeoffs of hypothesis-testing vs. estimation, and how to handle missing data. Ethical issues that arise when using techniques such as factor analysis or multilevel modeling and when making causal inferences are also explored. The book concludes with ethical aspects of reporting meta-analyses,
eBook
Contemporary Motherhood
In this timely book Lyn Craig provides the first comprehensive account of how parents divide their time between caring for children, housework, paid work and leisure. Using large-scale quantitative time-use data , the book provides a detailed analysis of the impact of children upon adult time. This research reveals a unique picture of how parenthood affects daily life within households, and how people's (paid and unpaid) workload is affected by parenthood. By looking at how the costs and benefits of children are currently conceptualized and apportioned, Contemporary Motherhood shows what becoming a mother entails and why it is so challenging to raise children. Suggesting an explanation for why fertility rates are dramatically dropping, the book makes a significant contribution to the debate on contemporary motherhood and will interest scholars and students in sociology and social policy with an interest in the sociology of the family, gender and sexuality, and the sociology of youth.
eBook
Researching Young Children's Perspectives
What ethical dilemmas face researchers who work with young children?
Researching Young Children's Perspectives critically examines the challenges and complexities of rights based, participatory research with children. Rather than approaching these dilemmas as problematic issues, this book positions them as important topics for discussion and reflection.
Drawing from their own rich experiences as research collaborators with young children in internationally diverse settings, the authors consider the ethical, methodological and theoretical frameworks that guide best-practice in research with young children. Each chapter poses points for consideration that will inform and challenge both the novice and experienced researcher, such as:
How 'participatory' can research be with infants under eighteen months?
When should listening through observation stand alone?
What is the distinction between methodologies and methods?
How can all young children be assured of a voice in research?
The authors also present seven separate case studies which demonstrate exemplary research with young children. Each study is accompanied by insightful commentary from the authors, who highlight the issues or difficulties faced and propose potential solutions.
If you are a student at undergraduate level and above, this book will give you all the confidence you need to conduct your own high quality research with children.
eBook
Culturally Responsive Methodologies
Culturally Responsive Methodologies puts forward a new position from which to navigate our research in the hope that we can contribute to a more respectful and humble way of working with all peoples. These new methodologies require the researcher to develop relationships that may enable them to intimately come to respect and know the \"Other\" with whom they seek to study. Such a process of reciprocity challenges traditional research notions of distance and neutrality, opening up instead streams of research that call for engagement through the establishment of relational discourses. Each chapter shows how researchers find, discover, and invent methodology that benefits both the researcher and subject, from their insider knowledge and from the epistemology of others.
This book is ideally suited for all those involved in qualitative research work including researchers, students, teacher educators and educators throughout the world who share an interest in culturally responsive research and practice.
eBook
Cultural Tourism Research Methods
The consumption of culture is one of the most important aspects of tourism activity. Cultural tourism includes experiencing local culture, traditions and lifestyle, participation in arts-related activities, and visits to museums, monuments and heritage sites. This book reviews a wide range of qualitative and quantitative research methods applied to the field of cultural tourism, including surveys, mystery tourist visits, visitor tracking, grand tour narratives, collage, researcher-created video, photo-based interviews, ethnographic and actor-network approaches. It provides a practical guide on how to conduct research as well as a discussion and evaluation of the methods.
eBook
A Mathematics Course for Political and Social Research
Political science and sociology increasingly rely on
mathematical modeling and sophisticated data analysis, and many
graduate programs in these fields now require students to take a
\"math camp\" or a semester-long or yearlong course to acquire the
necessary skills. The problem is that most available textbooks are
written for mathematics or economics majors, and fail to convey to
students of political science and sociology the reasons for
learning often-abstract mathematical concepts. A Mathematics
Course for Political and Social Research fills this gap,
providing both a primer for math novices and a handy reference for
seasoned researchers.
The book begins with the fundamental building blocks of
mathematics and basic algebra, then goes on to cover essential
subjects such as calculus in one and more than one variable,
including optimization, constrained optimization, and implicit
functions; linear algebra, including Markov chains and
eigenvectors; and probability. It describes the intermediate steps
most other textbooks leave out, features numerous exercises
throughout, and grounds all concepts by illustrating their use and
importance in political science and sociology.
Uniquely designed for students and researchers in political
science and sociology
Uses examples from political science and sociology
Features \"Why Do I Care?\" sections that explain why concepts
are useful to practicing political scientists and sociologists
Includes numerous exercises
Complete online solutions manual (available only to
professors)
Selected solutions available online to students
eBook
Documenting Displacement
This project explores the ethics and methods of research in diverse forced migration contexts and proposes new ways of thinking about and documenting displacement. Contributors reflect honestly on both what has worked and what has not, providing useful points of discussion for future research by both established and emerging researchers.
eBook
Issues in medical research ethics
With the advances of medicine, questions of medical ethics have become more urgent and are now considered of great social and political significance. An innovatively designed, activity-based workbook, this text was prepared using papers and case studies collected from several countries in the European Union. It reflects the issues and concerns that confront clinical practitioners throughout Europe and elsewhere today and presents varying national responses in law and policy to these concerns, as identified by ethicists, lawyers, theologians and practitioners. The problems they examine include the relationship between medical research and medical practice, elementary regulations of medical research, the complexity of informed consent, and the role of the sponsor or scientific community.
eBook