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"Record labels"
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The Zapple Diaries
A revealing history of the Beatles' experimental record label, as told by the label's manager.In August 1968, the Beatles launched their greatest business enterprise, Apple Records, to international fanfare.The less well-known story is the introduction of their Zapple label about nine months later.
eBook
Let’s make lots of money
This research analyzes the performance of 467 record labels in eight European countries over a period of 13 years (2003–2015). The main goal is to explain a relative measure of profitability in terms of observed variables, although the nature of the dataset also allows us to include non-observed firm and country effects. To this end alternative models are estimated and three main research questions are tested, namely: (1) the effect of the dual structure of the recorded music market, in which a competitive segment and an oligopoly coexist; (2) the extent and source of the volatility of profits in record labels; and (3) the nonlinear impact of size on performance.
Journal Article
Sound Review: The North American Aboriginal Recording Industry
In a review essay, the author focuses on current structural conditions of the \"Aboriginal recording industry,\" and the specific historical, cultural, social, and economic conditions under which commercial recordings come into being. Scales examines the particular economic institutions - record labels - responsible for the creation and distribution of these products. He surveys the history of indigenous music and the mainstream, indigenous independent labels, major-independent labels, boutique-independent labels, \"powwow\" labels, and the future of the industry.
Journal Article
Construction of Knowledge Graphs: Current State and Challenges
With Knowledge Graphs (KGs) at the center of numerous applications such as recommender systems and question-answering, the need for generalized pipelines to construct and continuously update such KGs is increasing. While the individual steps that are necessary to create KGs from unstructured sources (e.g., text) and structured data sources (e.g., databases) are mostly well researched for their one-shot execution, their adoption for incremental KG updates and the interplay of the individual steps have hardly been investigated in a systematic manner so far. In this work, we first discuss the main graph models for KGs and introduce the major requirements for future KG construction pipelines. Next, we provide an overview of the necessary steps to build high-quality KGs, including cross-cutting topics such as metadata management, ontology development, and quality assurance. We then evaluate the state of the art of KG construction with respect to the introduced requirements for specific popular KGs, as well as some recent tools and strategies for KG construction. Finally, we identify areas in need of further research and improvement.
Journal Article
MP3s Are Killing Home Taping: The Rise of Internet Distribution and Its Challenge to the Major Label Music Monopoly
The way in which internet distribution of music is challenging the major record labels is examined. This article places into historical context the 1990s compact disc boom and the subsequent rise of digital distribution. The consumer-led file-sharing explosion has opened the doors for small labels and independent artist-entrepreneurs to use these relatively inexpensive technologies to disseminate their music and circumvent the clogged, payola-drenched playlists of corporate radio.
Journal Article
Spotify and the democratisation of music
The corporate rhetoric of streaming platforms often assumes a tight link between their scale-making ambitions on the one hand and the creative interests of musicians on the other. In practice, most musicians recognise that claims of musical ‘democratisation’ are deeply flawed. The creative ambivalence this produces is an understudied pillar in scholarship on digital music platforms and suggests that these systems can be more creatively constrictive than empowering. Based on ethnographic research among Spotify engineers, record labels and musicians, this article explores how music recommendation systems become inculcated with a corporate rhetoric of ‘scalability’ and considers, following Anna Tsing, how this impacts musical creativity further down the value chain. I argue that the ‘creative ambivalence’ that these technologies produce should be more fully understood as woven into a complex web of social relations and corporate interests than prevailing claims of technological objectivity and ‘democratisation’ suggest.
Journal Article
Protecting Artists Against AI Fakes
Copyright law has rightfully given some direction to Al regulation, specifically in the context of content ingestion, but as in the case of \"Heart on My Sleeve,\" the output of content that \"sounds like\" an artist but is notably not an actual performance by the artist is not in violation of any copyright laws. The \"Fake Drake\" song is representative of some of the doctrinal tension between the right of publicity and copyright law, the latter of which generally permits intentionally imitative performances under 17 U.S.C. § 114(b).1 Imitations, however, require an \"independent fixation\" of sounds, whereas Al programs derive their output from the ingestion of a performer's actual voice, raising novel questions regarding § 114(b)'s application.2 Similarly, while copyright law generally preempts state law claims that attempt to prohibit the reuse of one lawfully fixed copyrighted work within another,3 it can hardly be said that vocal synthesizers, which create output substantially dissimilar to the ingested works in everything but vocal tone, are being charged with mere reproduction of an artist's voice as embodied in their recordings.4 It would thus be a mistake to assume that record labels, simply by dint of controlling certain copyrighted works implicated in a prospective licensee's activities, necessarily have the authority to bargain away the personal rights of the artists on their rosters who created those works. Eighteen months of negotiations between the Screen Actors Guild and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (SAG-AFTRA) and major video game studios have recently stalled over Al.
Journal Article
Genre Complexes in Popular Music
Recent work in the sociology of music suggests a declining importance of genre categories. Yet other work in this research stream and in the sociology of classification argues for the continued prevalence of genres as a meaningful tool through which creators, critics and consumers focus their attention in the topology of available works. Building from work in the study of categories and categorization we examine how boundary strength and internal differentiation structure the genre pairings of some 3 million musicians and groups. Using a range of network-based and statistical techniques, we uncover three musical \"complexes,\" which are collectively constituted by 16 smaller genre communities. Our analysis shows that the musical universe is not monolithically organized but rather composed of multiple worlds that are differently structured-i.e., uncentered, single-centered, and multi-centered.
Journal Article
Displaying sound: the National Poetry Library's vinyl collection, 2019–2024
This article explores how the National Poetry Library has developed its historic collection of vinyl LPs over the course of four years, describing the challenges of balancing the preservation of audio objects with their accessibility and discoverability, and examining the opportunities this unique collection presents in building new audiences.
Journal Article