Explore the vast range of titles available.

Strain sensors utilizing mechanoluminescent (ML) materials have garnered significant attention and application due to their advantages, such as self‐powering, non‐contact operation, and real‐time response. However, ML‐based strain sensing techniques typically rely on the establishing of a mathematical relationship between ML intensity and mechanical parameters. The absolute ML intensity is vulnerable to environmental factors, which can result in measurement errors. Herein, an color‐resolved visualized dynamic ML and self‐referencing strain sensing is investigated in Ca9Al(PO4)7: Tb3+, Mn2+. By analyzing the ML performance under various mechanical stimulations and adjustable strain parameters, a relationship between strain and the ML intensity ratio of Tb3+/Mn2+ is aimed to bed established. This will enable the development of a self‐referencing and visualized strain sensing technology. Through a comparison of luminescence characteristics under continuous mechanical stimulation (stretching) and continuous X‐ray irradiation, it is discovered that the ratiometric dynamic ML is primarily driven by the dynamic filling and continuous release of carriers form traps, which compensates for the ML of Mn2+. Leveraging the self‐referencing and color‐resolved (from green to red) visualized ML characteristics, an application scenario for monitoring human joint movement is developed. This approach offers new insights into the use of dynamic ML materials in strain sensing and human‐machine interaction. In this work, an color‐resolved visualized dynamic ML and self‐referencing strain sensing is investigated in Ca9Al(PO4)7: Tb3+, Mn2+. The ratiometric ML is primarily driven by the trapped carriers compensates for the ML of Mn2+. Finally, real‐time monitoring of human joint quantification is achieved through human‐machine interaction, providing new ideas and methods for the strain sening.

Binding energy ( B E ) referencing is critical to the reliability of chemical analysis performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Although the procedure is straightforward for metallic samples, no universal solution is available for insulators, wherein a build-up of positive charge during photoemission results in an uncontrolled change in the B E of the core-level peaks. As these peaks are used to assess the chemical bonding, shifts caused by charging lead to problems with spectra interpretation and contribute to an unacceptably large spread in the B E values reported for the same chemical state. It is often unclear which referencing methods should be applied to which sample type and which referencing approaches should be rejected. In this Perspective, we review essential concepts and key experiments related to B E referencing. We discuss energy diagrams and appropriate reference levels for conducting and insulating samples with and without electrical contact with the spectrometer, and we define criteria for the ultimate charge-reference method, using them to evaluate common referencing techniques. Although no method is free of issues, the most popular one, based on the adventitious carbon (AdC), turns out to be the least reliable. In particular, because the vacuum level aligns at the AdC–sample interface, the B E of the reference C 1 s peak from AdC is not constant but varies with the sample work function. To rectify the situation, we suggest easy-to-do control experiments that refute the notion that the C 1 s peak has constant B E . We further use the framework of energy diagrams to explain the consequences of the vacuum level alignment at the AdC–sample interface for measurements performed in the most common experimental configurations. Finally, we suggest ideas for improving the reliability of chemical analysis to stimulate the development of new referencing standards. Binding energy referencing is critical for the reliability of chemical analysis performed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This Perspective discusses the essential concepts related to this procedure and formulates the criteria for the ultimate charge reference, using them to expose problems with the existing referencing methods with the goal of stimulating the development of new approaches.

CEOs have been argued to play a critical role for organizational performance. However, CEOs cannot achieve success singlehandedly. They rely on other organizational members to execute and implement their agenda and to contribute to organizational success. In the present research, we propose that CEOs serve as identity leaders of their organization who are able to enhance organizational performance by representing and cultivating a sense of shared collective identity (“us”) with those they lead. One way for leaders to do so is through the use of we-referencing (as opposed to I-referencing) language. We examine this idea in a pre-registered study of organizations listed in the DAX (i.e., leading German stock index) between 2000 and 2016, assessing the impact of CEOs’ use of we- and I-referencing language in letters to the stakeholders (N = 378) on objective indicators of organizational financial performance. In line with hypotheses, results show a positive relationship between CEOs’ use of we-referencing language and key indicators of financial performance: return on assets and sales per employee (while there was no evidence of an association with return on sales). At the same time, results indicate that the use of I-referencing language was unrelated to organizational performance. These findings advance the literature on strategic leadership and on the social identity approach to leadership by suggesting that CEOs’ thinking and acting in collective terms is associated with greater organizational financial performance.

As satellite observation technology develops and the number of Earth observation (EO) satellites increases, satellite observations have become essential to developments in the understanding of the Earth and its environment. However, the current impacts to the remote sensing community of different EO satellite data and possible future trends of EO satellite data applications have not been systematically examined. In this paper, we review the impacts of and future trends in the use of EO satellite data based on an analysis of data from 15 EO satellites whose data are widely used. Articles that reference EO satellite missions included in the Web of Science core collection for 2020 were analyzed using scientometric analysis and meta-analysis. We found the following: (1) the number of publications and citations referencing EO satellites is increasing exponentially; however, the number of articles referencing AVHRR, SPOT, and TerraSAR is tending to decrease; (2) papers related to EO satellites are concentrated in a small number of journals: 43.79% of the articles that were reviewed were published in only 13 journals; and (3) remote sensing impact factor (RSIF), a new impact index, was constructed to measure the impacts of EO satellites and to predict future trends in applications of their data. Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, Gaofen, and WorldView were found to be the most significant current EO satellite missions and MODIS data to have the widest range of applications. Over the next five years (2021–2025), it is expected that Sentinel will become the satellite mission with the greatest influence.

Dogs have been claimed to engage in social referencing by responding in a way that corresponded with their owners' reaction in some contexts. We aimed to assess how owners’ actions affect family dogs’ behaviour in two ambiguous lifelike situations. In Experiment 1, two groups were tested; in the suspicious owner (SO) group, owners behaved suspiciously (N = 25), in the reassuring owner (RO) group, owners behaved in a reassuring manner (N = 28) facing a ‘threatening stranger’. The sitting owners provided voice intonation and body posture changes as cues for the dogs when the stranger entered the room. Dogs looked longer at the owners and stayed longer near them in the SO group but their tendency to approach the stranger did not differ between the groups. Although the owners’ behaviours seemed to have relevant effects on dogs’ responses, we note that these looking and proximity seeking behaviours might also be explained by reactions to the owners’ behaviour alone. In Experiment 2, all dogs (N = 19) were tested in both the SO and RO conditions in a slightly different procedure. Depending on the condition, owners took one step forward/backward and spoke happily/worryingly. The procedural differences and the larger distance between the stranger and the owner allowed the dog more time to perceive the behaviour of both the stranger and the owner, which made the distinction between alternative explanations for the dogs’ behaviour easier to interpret. Dogs spent more time behind their owners in the SO condition and more dogs approached the stranger in the RO condition. Dogs’ avoidance of the stranger when the owner behaved suspiciously and their tendency to approach the stranger only when the owner displayed positive emotions, can be best explained by social referencing.

1. Species distribution modelling is used increasingly in both applied and theoretical research to predict how species are distributed and to understand attributes of species' environmental requirements. In species distribution modelling, various statistical methods are used that combine species occurrence data with environmental spatial data layers to predict the suitability of any site for that species. While the number of data sharing initiatives involving species' occurrences in the scientific community has increased dramatically over the past few years, various data quality and methodological concerns related to using these data for species distribution modelling have not been addressed adequately. 2. We evaluated how uncertainty in georeferences and associated locational error in occurrences influence species distribution modelling using two treatments: (1) a control treatment where models were calibrated with original, accurate data and (2) an error treatment where data were first degraded spatially to simulate locational error. To incorporate error into the coordinates, we moved each coordinate with a random number drawn from the normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard deviation of 5 km. We evaluated the influence of error on the performance of 10 commonly used distributional modelling techniques applied to 40 species in four distinct geographical regions. 3. Locational error in occurrences reduced model performance in three of these regions; relatively accurate predictions of species distributions were possible for most species, even with degraded occurrences. Two species distribution modelling techniques, boosted regression trees and maximum entropy, were the best performing models in the face of locational errors. The results obtained with boosted regression trees were only slightly degraded by errors in location, and the results obtained with the maximum entropy approach were not affected by such errors. 4. Synthesis and applications. To use the vast array of occurrence data that exists currently for research and management relating to the geographical ranges of species, modellers need to know the influence of locational error on model quality and whether some modelling techniques are particularly robust to error. We show that certain modelling techniques are particularly robust to a moderate level of locational error and that useful predictions of species distributions can be made even when occurrence data include some error.

Previous geo-referencing approaches for building information modeling (BIM) models can be problematic due to: (a) the different interpretations of the term ‘geo-referencing’, (b) the insufficient consideration of the placement hierarchy of the industry foundation classes (IFCs), and (c) the misunderstanding that a common way to embed spatial reference information for IFC is absent. Therefore, the objective of this study is to (1) clarify the meaning of geo-referencing in the context of BIM/GIS data integration, and (2) develop a common geo-referencing approach for IFC. To achieve the goal, a systematic and thorough investigation into the IFC standard was conducted to assess the geo-referencing capability of IFC. Based on the investigation, a geo-referencing approach was established using IFC entities that are common in different IFC versions, which makes the proposed approach common to IFC. Such a geo-referencing approach supports automatic geo-referencing that would facilitate the use of BIM models in GIS, e.g., for the construction of digital twins.

This study proposes a pattern‐referencing model for hourly temperature forecasting in coastal regions, specifically designed for scenarios with missing data. The Chiayi–Tainan coastal plain in Taiwan exhibits pronounced spatiotemporal temperature variations driven by sea–land breezes, topography, and solar radiation, impacting real‐time decision‐making in industries such as aquaculture, agriculture, and tourism. The proposed model directly utilizes all available input data without requiring prior imputation or specialized pretraining. In a multistation study involving 14 weather stations, the model employs a weighted K‐nearest neighbors (WKNN) approach, using a masked Euclidean distance and the Dudani weighting scheme. The optimal configuration (look‐back length = 1, number of neighbors = 18) achieved mean absolute errors of 0.35°C–0.59°C and root‐mean‐square errors of 0.45°C–0.86°C across diverse weather scenarios, outperforming both persistence forecasts and an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model. The model performs best under low‐temperature conditions but shows a slight tendency to underestimate at high temperatures; nighttime forecasts are the most stable, while daytime errors are larger. Even with missing station data, the model maintains its predictive capability, offering decision‐makers more reliable hourly forecasts in resource‐limited networks with unstable data availability, and enabling policymakers to build early‐warning systems that help coastal communities and industries respond to extreme temperature events. A novel pattern‐referencing model forecasts hourly temperatures in Taiwan's southwestern coastal region. It robustly handles missing data, achieving high accuracy (MAE 0.323°C–0.539°C, RMSE 0.450°C–0.807°C) even during extreme weather, offering a practical solution for real‐time decision‐making.

We aim to raise awareness of context by examining its role in empirical research. We apply the dichotomy of universalism and particularism, and discuss the interaction of theory and culture in order to consider the scope of validity for research findings and conclusions. We illustrate our arguments by referencing three cases, each of which has contextual inadequacies. We aim to discourage the conduct of research, and acceptance of papers, that falsely implies universalism, relies on convenient samples or ignores indigenous constructs. We offer specific prescriptions for authors, editors and reviewers to help ensure that both the research context and scope of validity are adequately communicated and understood.

Is it possible to encompass the full extent of the universe within a theory based on a finite set of first principles and inference rules? The r^ole of observers and observations in physics theories is considered here in the light of G¨odel’s incompleteness theorem. Physics theories are the sum-total that we – humans, scientists, physicists – can make in interpreting our observations of the universe. We are integral part of the universe, together with our observations, therefore acts of observation are also observables and should become part of the phenomena considered by the theory, especially in view of the fact that arbitrarily chosen modes of observations may essentially determine empirical results. Incompleteness arises in G¨odel’s theorem with self-referential propositions. Observations and interpretations are acts of referencing, and self-referencing occurs in physics whenever the observer is recognized as being part of the observed system. If self-reference appears in physics in simile to G¨odel’s theorem, then incompleteness seems unavoidable in physics. The article discusses observers and observations as referencing in physics, culminating with the understanding that they are hierarchically inter-related so that a universal physics theory cannot be complete.