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"Reflexes."
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What happens when I hiccup?
Everybody knows how annoying hiccups can be. They interrupt us when we're trying to talk, read, do homework, and even sleep! But what causes hiccups? Readers discover the answer to that question inside this book. They also learn some interesting ways to cure hiccups. Colorful photographs are paired with accessible text to help readers understand this relatable scientific topic -- source other than Library of Congress.
Book
The influence of cervical movement on eye stabilization reflexes: a randomized trial
To investigate the influence of the amount of cervical movement on the cervico-ocular reflex (COR) and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in healthy individuals. Eye stabilization reflexes, especially the COR, are changed in neck pain patients. In healthy humans, the strength of the VOR and the COR are inversely related. In a cross-over trial the amplitude of the COR and VOR (measured with a rotational chair with eye tracking device) and the active cervical range of motion (CROM) was measured in 20 healthy participants (mean age 24.7). The parameters were tested before and after two different interventions (hyperkinesia: 20 min of extensive active neck movement; and hypokinesia: 60 min of wearing a stiff neck collar). In an additional replication experiment the effect of prolonged (120 min) hypokinesia on the eye reflexes were tested in 11 individuals. The COR did not change after 60 min of hypokinesia, but did increase after prolonged hypokinesia (median change 0.220; IQR 0.168, p = 0.017). The VOR increased after 60 min of hypokinesia (median change 0.155, IQR 0.26, p = 0.003), but this increase was gone after 120 min of hypokinesia. Both reflexes were unaffected by cervical hyperkinesia. Diminished neck movements influences both the COR and VOR, although on a different time scale. However, increased neck movements do not affect the reflexes. These findings suggest that diminished neck movements could cause the increased COR in patients with neck complaints.
Journal Article
Brief Report: Differential Persistence of Primary Reflexes for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Replication
Primary reflexes are highly stereotypical, automatic movements comprising much of the motor repertoire of newborns. The current study examined rates of presence of five primary reflexes (snout, visual rooting, sucking, tactile rooting, and grasp) and variables predictive of their persistence for children with ASD (
n
= 35), developmental disability (
n
= 30), and typically developing children matched to participants with ASD on chronological age (
n
= 30). There was a higher prevalence of snout and visual rooting reflex among children with ASD. These data suggest that the persistence of primary reflexes holds promise as a biomarker for autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
Journal Article
What happens when I cough?
Introduces coughing, discussing the causes and actions involved in the reflex.
Book
Increases in cardiac vagal modulation following muscle mechanoreflex activation via passive calf stretch: Impact of interindividual differences
Muscle mechanoreflex is crucial to cardiac vagal modulation during exercise and can be activated during passive calf stretch. Herein, we aimed to determine whether cardiac vagal modulation following a single session of passive stretch is linked to interindividual cardiac vagal responses at the onset of passive calf muscle stretching in healthy young adults. Twenty‐four volunteers (10 women) completed the experimental conditions in a randomised order over different days: a time‐control condition and five sets of 1 min of unilateral passive stretching of the calf, with 15 s of rest between each stretching trial. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were continuously measured on a beat‐to‐beat basis before, immediately following, and at 15 and 30 min after the passive stretching intervention. Interindividual variations in cardiac vagal inhibition during the passive stretching session were identified, classifying volunteers into responder (n = 16) and non‐responder (n = 8) groups. The onset of passive muscle stretching elicited an immediate reduction in cardiac vagal modulation (P = 0.026) and an increase in heart rate (P = 0.009) for the responders only. Cardiac vagal modulation significantly increased following 30 min of passive stretching (P = 0.010 vs. rest) for the responders only. During time control, all cardiac vagal variables were unchanged for both groups. In summary, our findings demonstrate that a single session of passive calf muscle stretching can enhance cardiac vagal modulation, but this effect is dependent on interindividual responses at the onset of stretching. These results highlight the role of muscle mechanoreflex activation in cardiac autonomic regulation and suggest that passive stretching may have potential cardiovascular benefits, particularly for individuals who exhibit a mechanoreflex‐mediated response. What is the central question of this study? Muscle mechanoreflex is crucial to cardiac vagal modulation during exercise and can be activated during passive calf stretch: is cardiac vagal modulation following a single session of passive stretch linked to interindividual cardiac vagal responses at the onset of passive calf muscle stretching? What is the main finding and its importance? A single session of passive calf muscle stretching can enhance cardiac vagal modulation, but this effect is dependent on interindividual responses at the onset of stretching. These results highlight the role of muscle mechanoreflex activation in autonomic regulation and suggest that passive stretching may have potential cardiovascular benefits.
Journal Article
What happens when I yawn?
Introduces yawning, discussing the causes and actions involved in the reflex.
Book
Guillain–Barré syndrome associated with normal or exaggerated tendon reflexes
Areflexia is part one of the clinical criteria required to make a diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). The diagnostic criteria were stringently developed to exclude non-GBS cases but there have been reports of patients with GBS following
Campylobacter jejuni
enteritis with normal and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes (DTRs). The aim of this study is to expand the existing diagnostic criteria to preserved DTRs. From the cohort of patients referred for anti-ganglioside antibody testing from hospitals throughout Japan, 48 GBS patients presented with preserved DTR at admission. Thirty-two patients had normal or exaggerated DTR throughout the course of illness whereas in 16 patients the DTR became absent or diminished during the course of the illness. IgG antibodies against GM1, GM1b, GD1a, or GalNAc-GD1a were frequently present in either group (84 vs. 94%), suggesting a close relationship between the two groups. We then investigated the clinical and laboratory findings of 213 GBS patients from three hospital cohorts. In 23 patients, eight presented with normal tendon reflexes throughout the clinical course of the illness. Twelve showed hyperreflexia, with at least one of the jerks experienced even at nadir, and exaggerated reflexes returning to normal at recovery. The other three had hyperreflexia throughout the disease course. Compared to 190 GBS patients with reduced or absent DTR, the 23 DTR-preserved patients more frequently presented with pure motor limb weakness (87 vs. 47%,
p
= 0.00026), could walk 5 m independently at the nadir (70 vs. 33%,
p
= 0.0012), more frequently had antibodies against GM1, GM1b, GD1a, or GalNAc-GD1a (74 vs. 47%,
p
= 0.014) and were more commonly diagnosed with acute motor axonal neuropathy (65 vs. 34%,
p
= 0.0075) than with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (13 vs. 43%,
p
= 0.0011). This study demonstrated that DTRs could be normal or hyperexcitable during the entire clinical course in approximately 10% of GBS patients. This possibility should be added in the diagnostic criteria for GBS to avoid delays in diagnosis and effective treatment to these patients.
Journal Article
What happens when I throw up?
Introduces vomiting, discussing the causes and actions involved in this bodily function.
Book
Effect of high-intensity laser therapy and mirror therapy on complex regional pain syndrome type I in the hand area: A randomized controlled trial
Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS-I) is a painful condition with peripheral and central nervous system dysfunction, disproportionate inflammation, and the resultant muscle atrophy and restriction of motion. The use of high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) is being considered to reduce inflammation and neural and musculoskeletal pain. As maladaptive neuroplasticity occurs, peripheral treatment may not be enough and a combination of peripheral and centrally-focused interventions may be required.
To explore the impact of HILT combined with mirror therapy (MT) on pain intensity, swelling, functional ability, range of motion (ROM), and electromyography (EMG) activity in CRPS-I.
Randomized, sham-controlled, single-blind clinical trial.
Twenty-four CRPS-I patients were randomly assigned to two groups of HILT at 5 watts with an energy density of 20 J/cm², combined with MT and sham HILT and MT for six sessions. Pain was assessed by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before, the third session, and after the treatment. Hand swelling, function, and ROM were measured by a motion analysis system, and EMG of the hand muscles was also evaluated.
Pain significantly decreased in the HILT group. Compared to before treatment, the VAS mean difference in the third session was −2 ± 0.8 in the HILT group versus −0.4 ± 0.5 in the sham group (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.57). The VAS mean difference for before-after treatment was −4.2 ± 1.2 in the HILT group versus −1.4 ± 0.6 in the sham group (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.69). The other outcomes, like function, effusion, ROM, and EMG activity, were also in favor of the HILT group (p < 0.05).
Our study results offer conclusive evidence of pain reduction, a highly debilitating symptom in CRPS-I, even after the third HILT treatment session. Additionally, HILT effectively reduced swelling, improved performance, and enhanced muscle activity in CRPS-I.
•Six sessions of high-intensity laser and mirror therapy reduced pain in CRPS-I.•Pain was significantly alleviated even following the third treatment session.•Electromyography activity was improved by high-intensity laser therapy in CRPS-I.
Journal Article