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Where land & water meet
Water and land interrelate in surprising and ambiguous ways, and riparian zones, where land and water meet, have effects far outside their boundaries. Using the Malheur Basin in southeastern Oregon as a case study, this intriguing and nuanced book explores the ways people have envisioned boundaries between water and land, the ways they have altered these places, and the often unintended results.
The Malheur Basin, once home to the largest cattle empires in the world, experienced unintended widespread environmental degradation in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. After establishment in 1908 of Malheur National Wildlife Refuge as a protected breeding ground for migratory birds, and its expansion in the 1930s and 1940s, the area experienced equally extreme intended modifications aimed at restoring riparian habitat. Refuge managers ditched wetlands, channelized rivers, applied Agent Orange and rotenone to waterways, killed beaver, and cut down willows. Where Land and Water Meet examines the reasoning behind and effects of these interventions, gleaning lessons from their successes and failures.
Although remote and specific, the Malheur Basin has myriad ecological and political connections to much larger places. This detailed look at one tangled history of riparian restoration shows how through appreciation of the complexity of environmental and social influences on land use, and through effective handling of conflict people can learn to practice a style of pragmatic adaptive resource management that avoids rigid adherence to single agendas and fosters improved relationships with the land.
eBook
Fire Refugia
Fire refugia are landscape elements that remain unburned or minimally affected by fire, thereby supporting postfire ecosystem function, biodiversity, and resilience to disturbances. Although fire refugia have been studied across continents, scales, and affected taxa, they have not been characterized systematically over space and time, which is crucial for understanding their role in facilitating resilience in the context of global change. We identify four dichotomies that delineate an overarching conceptual framework of fire refugia: unburned versus lower severity, species-specific versus landscape-process characteristics, predictable versus stochastic, and ephemeral versus persistent. We outline the principal concepts underlying the ecological function of fire refugia and describe both the role of fire refugia and uncertainties regarding their persistence under global change. An improved understanding of fire refugia is crucial to conservation given the role that humans play in shaping disturbance regimes across landscapes.
Journal Article
Refuge preferences in the threatened katipō (Latrodectus katipo) and invasive false katipō (Steatoda capensis) spiders (Araneae: Theridiidae)
Refuge preferences can be crucial behavioural traits for survival. Here, we explore the refuge preferences of the threatened katipō spider (
Latrodectus katipo
) and invasive false katipō (
Steatoda capensis
) (
Araneae
,
Theridiidae
). We conducted experimental assays using artificial refuges in the laboratory to test individual preferences for refuge shape, surface, and height. We also tested how refuge type affects the number of web trap lines built for prey capture. Both species preferred V-shaped refuges over rectangular refuges, with no evidence of a preference for other refuge types. For reasons that remain unclear, individuals varied in their preferences for surface and height in both their daily and final choices, but only in shape during their daily choices. Katipō spiders showed refuge fidelity in all three assays, however, there was also evidence of individual variation in refuge fidelity in the shape assay. False katipō spiders only displayed refuge fidelity in the shape and surface assays. Spiders built more web trap lines under V-shaped refuges than rectangular refuges, suggesting higher activity and greater refuge investment, which may further reflect a preference for V-shaped refuges. While V-shaped refugia are not exclusively preferred by katipō, introducing V-shaped artificial refuges into their habitats could help support the persistence and expansion of katipō populations. Although false katipō are also likely to use these refugia, the decline of sand dunes has limited the availability of natural refugia. Therefore, providing artificial refuges could increase the available habitat and reduce competition between katipō and false katipō.
Journal Article
A hybrid GIS-OWA and DANP method for the identification and evaluation of ecotourism attractions: the case study of Abbas Abad Wildlife Refuge, Iran
Identification of capacities for development of ecotourism is an undeniable priority in any country. The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate ecotourism attractions in the Abbas Abad Wildlife Refuge in Isfahan Province, Iran. To reach the aforementioned aim, this study uses integrated GIS-based MCDA and Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory methods, as well as DEMATEL-based Analytic Network Process through ordered weighted average methods. Relevant criteria were selected, weighted and prioritized according to the extent and intensity of which they are influenced and their influencing potential, the latter of which was calculated using the DANP method. OWA was then applied to these data, resulting in the creation of five ecotourism maps with different risk levels (degrees of uncertainty). The results show that increasing risk (no trade-off) improved the ecotourism conditions for the entire study area, and decreasing risk (no trade-off) reduced the suitability of the study area for ecotourism. The results are accompanied by a map identifying areas with a high potential for ecotourism, which could assist tourism managers in identifying the conditions that can boost the appeal of ecotourism attractions.
Journal Article