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Kakuma Refugee Camp : humanitarian urbanism in Kenya's accidental city
An extensive ethnographic analysis of one of the world's largest refugee camps, revealing a distinct form of urbanization and its unique challenges for effective humanitarian strategies.
Book
Landscape of Hope and Despair
Nearly half of the world's eight million Palestinians are registered refugees, having faced partition and exile. Landscape of Hope and Despair examines this refugee experience in Lebanon through the medium of spatial practices and identity, set against the backdrop of prolonged violence. Julie Peteet explores how Palestinians have dealt with their experience as refugees by focusing attention on how a distinctive Palestinian identity has emerged from and been informed by fifty years of refugee history. Concentrating ethnographic scrutiny on a site-specific experience allows the author to shed light on the mutually constitutive character of place and cultural identification.Palestinian refugee camps are contradictory places: sites of grim despair but also of hope and creativity. Within these cramped spaces, refugees have crafted new worlds of meaning and visions of the possible in politics. In the process, their historical predicament was a point of departure for social action and thus became radically transformed. Beginning with the calamity of 1948, Landscape of Hope and Despair traces the dialectic of place and cultural identification through the initial despair of the 1950s and early 1960s to the tumultuous days of the resistance and the violence of the Lebanese civil war and its aftermath. Most significantly, this study invokes space, place, and identity to construct an alternative to the received national narratives of Palestinian society and history.The moving stories told here form a larger picture of these refugees as a people struggling to recreate their sense of place and identity and add meaning to their surroundings through the use of culture and memory.
eBook
No Path Home
\"No Path Homeis an extremely interesting, engaging, and well-written book. Elizabeth Cullen Dunn's fluid and clear prose paints a very evocative picture of life for internally displaced persons as well as presenting a clear theoretical account.\"-Laura Hammond, SOAS University of London, author ofThis Place Will Become Home
For more than 60 million displaced people around the world, humanitarian aid has become a chronic condition.No Path Homedescribes its symptoms in detail. Elizabeth Cullen Dunn shows how war creates a deeply damaged world in which the structures that allow people to occupy social roles, constitute economic value, preserve bodily integrity, and engage in meaningful daily practice have been blown apart.After the Georgian war with Russia in 2008, Dunn spent sixteen months immersed in the everyday lives of the 28,000 people placed in thirty-six resettlement camps by official and nongovernmental organizations acting in concert with the Georgian government. She reached the conclusion that the humanitarian condition poses a survival problem that is not only biological but also existential. InNo Path Home, she paints a moving picture of the ways in which humanitarianism leaves displaced people in limbo, neither in a state of emergency nor able to act as normal citizens in the country where they reside.
eBook
Occupied lives : maintaining integrity in a Palestinian refugee camp in the West Bank
\"Intense media coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict does not necessarily enhance one's knowledge or understanding of the Palestinians; on the contrary they are more often than not reduced to either victims or perpetrators. Similarly, while many academic studies devote considerable effort to analyzing the political situation in the occupied territories, there have been few sophisticated case studies of Palestinian refugees living under Israeli rule. An ethnographic study of Palestinian refugees in Dheidheh refugee camp, just south of Bethlehem, Occupied Lives looks closely at the attempts of the camp inhabitants to survive and bounce back from the profound effects of political violence and Israeli military occupation on their daily lives. Based on the author's extensive fieldwork conducted inside the camp, this study examines the daily efforts of camp inhabitants to secure survival and meaning during the period of the al-Aqsa Intifada. It argues that the political developments and experiences of extensive violence at the time, which left most refugees outside of direct activism, caused many camp inhabitants to disengage from traditional forms of politics. Instead, they became involved in alternative practices aimed at maintaining their sense of social worth and integrity, by focusing on processes to establish a 'normal' order, social continuity, and morality. This book will be invaluable to scholars and students of social anthropology, sociology, international relations, refugee studies, religious studies, and Middle East studies, as well as to anyone with an interest in the Israel-Palestinian issue\" -- Book jacket.
Book
The determinants of handwashing behaviour among internally displaced women in two camps in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Diarrhoea is one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity among populations displaced due to conflict. Handwashing with soap has the potential to halve the burden of diarrhoeal diseases in crisis contexts. This study aimed to identify which determinants drive handwashing behaviour in post-conflict, displacement camps.
This study was conducted in two camps for internally displaced people in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A Barrier Analysis questionnaire was used for assessing the determinants of hand washing behaviour. Participants were screened and classified as either 'doers' (those who wash their hands with soap at critical times) or 'non-doers' (those who do not wash their hands with soap at critical times). Forty-five doers and non-doers were randomly selected from each camp and asked about behavioural determinants. The Barrier Analysis standard tabulation sheet was used for the analysis.
No differences were observed between doers and non-doers in relation to self-efficacy, action efficacy, the difficulties and benefits of handwashing, and levels of access to soap and water. In the first of the two camps, non-doers found it harder to remember to wash their hands (P = 0.045), had lower perceived vulnerability to diarrhoea (P = 0.037), lower perceived severity of diarrhoea (P = 0.020) and were aware of 'policies' which supported handwashing with soap (P = 0.037). In the second camp non-doers had lower perceived vulnerability to diarrhoea (P = 0.017).
In these camp settings handwashing behaviour, and the factors that determine it, was relatively homogenous because of the homogeneity of the settings and the socio-demographics of population. Handwashing programmes should seek to improve the convenience and quality of handwashing facilities, create cues to trigger handwashing behaviour and increase perceived risk. We identify several ways to improve the validity of the Barrier Analysis method such as using it in combination with other more holistic qualitative tools and revising the statistical analysis.
Journal Article
Spatialising the refugee camp
While the repressive geographies of asylum and refuge in Europe have been the focus of academic attention in recent years, much less work in geography has focused on the refugee camp as a distinctive political space. This paper sets out an analytical strategy for refugee camp space, focusing on the particular case of Palestinian camps in Lebanon. It takes three analytical cuts into the space of the camp: a critical take on Agamben's 'space of exception' that accounts for the complex, multiple and hybrid sovereignties of the camp; an analysis of the camp as an assemblage of people, institutions, organisations, the built environment and the relations between them that produce particular values and practices; and an analysis of the constrained temporality of the camp, its enduring liminality and the particular time-space from which it draws meaning. This spatial analysis of the camp offers a way of grounding geopolitics, seeing its manifestations and negotiations in the everyday lives and practices of ordinary people. The camp is much more than an anonymous terrain of conflict or a tool of international agencies, and understanding its spatiality is essential for seeing the everyday politics and material practices of refugees.
Journal Article
Global epidemiology of diarrhea among internally displaced populations and refugee camp populations an evidence-based systematic review and meta-analysis
Background
Diarrhea remains a significant health burden among populations affected by inadequate water and sanitation, particularly in internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugee camp populations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to quantify the global prevalence of diarrhea in these vulnerable groups. The findings will inform targeted interventions and policy decisions to mitigate the health impacts in these settings.
Methods
Systematic searches were conducted from PubMed, Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, encompassing studies published up to June 10, 2024. Microsoft Excel 2021 was used for data extraction and STATA version 17 for statistical analyses. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) assessed the methodological quality of included studies. The random-effects model was utilized to estimate the pooled prevalence. Publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots and Egger’s regression test, while heterogeneity was measured using the I² statistic. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42024554686).
Results
The comprehensive search yielded 23 eligible articles, representing 121,037 samples. The pooled prevalence of diarrhea was 29% (95% CI: 24%, 33%). Subgroup analyses by continents revealed notable regional variations, the pooled prevalence in Asia was 35% (95% CI: 24%, 45%), Africa 28% (95% CI: 21%, 35%), and North America 9% (95% CI: 7%, 11%). Subgroup analysis by subcontinent showed that Southeast Asia with 74% (95% CI: 66%, 81%) and South-central Asia with 54% (95% CI: 44%, 63%) has the highest pooled prevalence from Asia. From Africa, East Africa with 35% (95% CI: 19%, 51%) and Southeastern Africa with 35% (95% CI: 32%, 38%) has highest pooled prevalence. Furthermore, by study setting, the pooled prevalence of diarrhea was 27% (95% CI: 22%, 31%) in IDPs and 32% (95% CI: 22%, 42%) in refugee camps.
Conclusions
The results of this study underscore the significant global burden of diarrhea among IDPs and refugees living in camps. The implementation of robust health programs specifically tailored to IDPs and refugee camps, including regular screening, deworming, and comprehensive care initiatives, is critical. A multifaceted, holistic approach that addresses socio-economic, behavioral, and environmental determinants is essential to reduce the health burden of this vulnerable population.
Journal Article
Composing Aid
Music and arts initiatives are often praised for their capacity
to aid in the rehabilitation of refugees. However, it is crucial to
recognize that this celebratory view can also mask the unequal
power dynamics involved in regulating forced migration. In
Composing Aid , Oliver Shao turns a critical ear towards
the United Nations-run Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya, one of the
largest and oldest encampments in the world. This politically
engaged ethnography delves into various cultural practices,
including hip hop shows, traditional dances, religious ceremonies,
and NGO events, in an urbanized borderland area beset with
precarity and inequality. How do songs intersect with the politics
of belonging in a space controlled by state and humanitarian
forces? Why do camp authorities support certain musical activities
over others? What can performing artists teach us about the
inequities of the international refugee regime?
Offering a provocative contribution to ethnomusicological
methods through its focus on activist research, Composing
Aid elucidates the powerful role of music and the arts in
reproducing, contesting, and reimagining the existing migratory
order.
eBook
Refugees of the revolution : experiences of Palestinian exile
Some sixty-five years after 750,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled from their homeland, the popular conception of Palestinian refugees still emphasizes their fierce commitment to exercising their \"right of return.\" Exile has come to seem a kind of historical amber, preserving refugees in a way of life that ended abruptly with \"the catastrophe\" of 1948 and their camps—inhabited now for four generations—as mere zones of waiting. While reducing refugees to symbols of steadfast single-mindedness has been politically expedient to both sides of the Arab-Israeli conflict it comes at a tremendous cost for refugees themselves, overlooking their individual memories and aspirations and obscuring their collective culture in exile.
Refugees of the Revolution is an evocative and provocative examination of everyday life in Shatila, a refugee camp in Beirut. Challenging common assumptions about Palestinian identity and nationalist politics, Diana Allan provides an immersive account of camp experience, of communal and economic life as well as inner lives, tracking how residents relate across generations, cope with poverty and marginalization, and plan––pragmatically and speculatively—for the future. She gives unprecedented attention to credit associations, debt relations, electricity bartering, emigration networks, and NGO provisions, arguing that a distinct Palestinian identity is being forged in the crucible of local pressures.
What would it mean for the generations born in exile to return to a place they never left? Allan addresses this question by rethinking the relationship between home and homeland. In so doing, she reveals how refugees are themselves pushing back against identities rooted in a purely nationalist discourse. This groundbreaking book offers a richly nuanced account of Palestinian exile, and presents new possibilities for the future of the community.
eBook