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Migration shapes the lives of those who move and transforms the geographies and economies of their points of departure and destinations alike.The water sector, and the availability of water itself, implicitly and explicitly shape migration flows.Ebb and Flow: Volume 1.

Rising seas are endangering the habitability and very existence of several small island nations, mostly in the Pacific and Indian oceans. This is the first book to focus on the myriad legal issues posed by this tragic situation: if a nation is under water, is it still a state? Does it still have a seat at the United Nations? What becomes of its exclusive economic zone, the basis for its fishing rights? What obligations do other nations have to take in the displaced populations, and what are these peoples' rights and legal status once they arrive? Should there be a new international agreement on climate-displaced populations? Do these nations and their citizens have any legal recourse for compensation? Are there any courts that will hear their claims, and based on what theories? Leading legal scholars from around the world address these novel questions and propose answers.

Background Partner violence suffered by refugee women is a topic of debate. Symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive tract infections (RTIs) may be a consequence of this violence. This study aimed to determine the possible associations between partner violence and the appearance of symptoms of STIs/RTIs among Afghan women in Iran. Methods This cross-sectional population-based household survey was conducted with 188 reproductive-age Afghan refugee women residing in a refugee settlement in a selected city of Iran in 2016-17. Data were collected using four self-report instruments: A Socio-demographic characteristics form, the Assessment of Intimate Partner Violence, Women’s self-reported STIs/RTIs-associated symptoms, and the Multi-Country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence against Women. The SPSS software version 22 was used for data analysis and comparisons between variables, and the significance level was established at P  < 0.05. Also, the bivariate logistic regression model evaluated odds ratios (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Most women reported at least one symptom related to STIs/RTIs (70.7%) during the last year. ‘No condom use’ ( P  = 0.015) (OR = 3.25; 95% CI = 1.26–8.39) and ‘having unusual sex’ ( P  = 0.009) (OR = 3.75; 95% CI = 1.26–15.49) were found to be a statistically related significant relationship with the reported STIs/RTIs-associated symptoms. Most women (66.9%) neither sought help for their STI/RTI symptoms by healthcare nor received treatment. IPV was positively associated with STIs/RTIs-associated symptoms ( P  < 0.001), having a history of STIs/RTIs diagnosis ( P  < 0.001), and experiencing at least one of the most specific STIs/RTIs-associated symptoms (vaginal discharge and genital ulcers) ( P  < 0.001). Women who had experienced any STIs/RTIs-associated symptoms experienced more sexual abuse from their spouses compared to women without any history of STIs/RTIs-reported symptoms ( P  < 0.001). Conclusions Based on the results, self-perception of the presence of STIs/RTIs-associated symptoms among the Afghan refugee population is considerable. Moreover, the high prevalence of IPV and its strong links with the self-perception of the presence of STIs/RTIs-associated symptoms underline the urgent need for developing, testing, and implementing appropriate and timely interventions for managing STIs/RTIs and IPV simultaneously in refugee camps/settlements to tackle both violence and STIs/RTIs among refugee couples.

Background Healthcare access and equity are human rights. Worldwide conflicts, violence, and persecution have increased the number of people from refugee or refugee-like backgrounds. Because urban areas are already densely populated, governments have aimed to increase refugee resettlement in rural and/or regional areas. Because of the complex healthcare needs of refugees, this creates challenges for healthcare service providers. Identifying barriers to accessing healthcare in rural areas is therefore important to better inform policy settings and programmes that will provide culturally appropriate patient-centred care to the refugee community. Methods This review scoped 22 papers written in English between 2018 and July 2023 from five countries (Australia, New Zealand, Germany, Bangladesh, and Lebanon) in order to provide an overview of the barriers and possible solutions to facilitate refugees’ access to healthcare. Results The reviewed literature summarised the perceptions of at least 3,561 different refugees and 259 rural health service providers and/or administrators and identified major challenges. These include communication (illiteracy in the resettlement country language and lack of a suitable interpreter), lack of cultural awareness of health services, discrimination, and access difficulties (transportation, availability of health specialist services, cost). As a consequence, it was identified that improving access to affordable housing, employment through credential recognition, competence-level education for children, facilitating language training, and adapting health information would increase resettlement and encourage access to healthcare. Conclusions Refugees face significant barriers to accessing and engaging with healthcare services. This impacts their integration into rural communities and increases the prevalence of psychosocial issues like feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, a lack of autonomy, and a lack of empowerment over informed decision-making, especially for women, jobless men, and the elderly. These findings support the need for additional support for refugees and healthcare providers to improve language proficiency and cultural competency. Policymakers need to improve the availability and accessibility of employment, housing accessibility, and service mobility. Additionally, more research is needed to assess the efficacy of emerging innovative programmes that aim to close the gap by delivering culturally appropriate patient-centred care to refugee communities in rural areas.

Introduction Many Rohingya people from Myanmar have sought refuge and resettled in Australia due to persecution and genocide. Like many people from refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds who resettle in Australia, the Rohingya community face significant mental, physical and psychosocial challenges. Physical activity and nutrition are interrelated, modifiable risk factors associated with a range of health and psychosocial outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to explore barriers and facilitators to physical activity and food security among the Rohingya community who have resettled in Sydney, Australia to inform intervention development. Methods In-depth interviews and focus groups with Rohingya community leaders and members were conducted. Community leaders were identified as individuals from the same community who have lived experience of displacement and advocate for the community’s needs. Reflexive thematic analysis and framework analysis were used to identify and then allocate themes to theoretically-driven domains according to the socio-ecological model. Results In total, sixteen participants were interviewed, including n =7 via one-one-one interviews and n =9 via a focus group. Of the 16 participants, five were community leaders. Ten themes for physical activity and twelve themes for food security were identified and mapped onto the socio-ecological model. The impact of insecure visa status was identified as a significant macro-level barrier affecting both physical activity and food security. Lack of culturally responsive services and increased barriers to physical activity for women due to cultural expectations and gender roles were also identified. However, increased opportunities to engage in healthy lifestyles in Australia compared to Myanmar, social support and physical and mental health benefits as motivating factors were discussed as key facilitators. Conclusion Health promotion efforts targeting physical activity and food security require a multifactorial approach which prioritises cultural sensitivity, acknowledges gender roles and expectations, and considers past experiences including the impacts of migration.

Background Diarrhea remains a significant health burden among populations affected by inadequate water and sanitation, particularly in internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugee camp populations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to quantify the global prevalence of diarrhea in these vulnerable groups. The findings will inform targeted interventions and policy decisions to mitigate the health impacts in these settings. Methods Systematic searches were conducted from PubMed, Epistemonikos, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, encompassing studies published up to June 10, 2024. Microsoft Excel 2021 was used for data extraction and STATA version 17 for statistical analyses. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) assessed the methodological quality of included studies. The random-effects model was utilized to estimate the pooled prevalence. Publication bias was evaluated through funnel plots and Egger’s regression test, while heterogeneity was measured using the I² statistic. The review protocol is registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42024554686). Results The comprehensive search yielded 23 eligible articles, representing 121,037 samples. The pooled prevalence of diarrhea was 29% (95% CI: 24%, 33%). Subgroup analyses by continents revealed notable regional variations, the pooled prevalence in Asia was 35% (95% CI: 24%, 45%), Africa 28% (95% CI: 21%, 35%), and North America 9% (95% CI: 7%, 11%). Subgroup analysis by subcontinent showed that Southeast Asia with 74% (95% CI: 66%, 81%) and South-central Asia with 54% (95% CI: 44%, 63%) has the highest pooled prevalence from Asia. From Africa, East Africa with 35% (95% CI: 19%, 51%) and Southeastern Africa with 35% (95% CI: 32%, 38%) has highest pooled prevalence. Furthermore, by study setting, the pooled prevalence of diarrhea was 27% (95% CI: 22%, 31%) in IDPs and 32% (95% CI: 22%, 42%) in refugee camps. Conclusions The results of this study underscore the significant global burden of diarrhea among IDPs and refugees living in camps. The implementation of robust health programs specifically tailored to IDPs and refugee camps, including regular screening, deworming, and comprehensive care initiatives, is critical. A multifaceted, holistic approach that addresses socio-economic, behavioral, and environmental determinants is essential to reduce the health burden of this vulnerable population.