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Chinese society has experienced a dramatic change over the past several decades, which has had a profound impact on its household system. Utilizing the Chinese national census and 1% population survey data from 1982 to 2015, this study demonstrates the transition of the Chinese household structure through typology analyses. Five typical regional household structure types—large lineal, large nuclear, small nuclear, mixed lineal, and small and diverse—are identified. Our findings demonstrate that since the 1980s, the household system in almost all Chinese regions has evolved from a large unitary model to a small diversified one. However, this evolutionary path diverged after 2000 and formed two distinct household structure systems. There are also significant regional differences in the transition trajectory. Influenced by developmental, cultural, and demographic factors, the regions exhibit four distinct transition paths: lineal tradition, nuclear retardation, smooth transition, and fast transition. On the basis of these results, we discuss family modernization and other theories in explaining the transition of the Chinese household structure.

To assess the characteristics of household carbon emissions per capita (HCPC), this paper divided China’s provinces into 4 groups based on the decoupling relationship between household consumption and related emissions. This classification helped to analyze the correlation and reflected the decoupling status between carbon emissions and household consumption and explored the effect of consumption growth on carbon emissions. Then, according to logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) model, HCPC in China’s provinces was decomposed into four drivers including carbon coefficient, energy structure, energy consumption, and population structure effect. Through multi-regional (M-R) analysis, temporal evolution and spatial differences of these four drivers in both national and provincial level were studied. This comparison method introduced temporal and spatial decomposition results into the same framework, which may provide a new perspective for analyzing carbon emission trends. The results showed that (a) the HCPC in all 30 provinces increased significantly especially in Inner Mongolia, Tianjin, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, and Beijing. Energy consumption effect was the leading factor promoting HCPC growth. Energy structure and population structure also promoted HCPC growth slightly, and carbon coefficient was the effect which had inhibitory effect on HCPC growth at regional level. (b) Spatial differences of HCPC between regions narrowed during this period. This is mainly due to the rapid growth of HCPC in region IV. Energy consumption effect was the dominant factor for the spatial differences. Based on the results, this paper proposed to adopt more effective measures to improve energy efficiency, develop clean energy, and optimize energy structure, especially in the provinces with faster growth in carbon emissions.

The spatial layout of cities is an important feature of urban form, highlighted by urban planners but overlooked by economists. This paper investigates the causal economic implications of city shape in India. I measure cities’ geometric properties over time using satellite imagery and historical maps. I develop an instrument for urban shape based on geographic obstacles encountered by expanding cities. Compact city shape is associated with faster population growth and households display positive willingness to pay for more compact layouts. Transit accessibility is an important channel. Land use regulations can contribute to deteriorating city shape.

Enhancing the resilience of regional digital innovation ecosystems represents an effective strategy for managing risky shocks and fostering sustainable regional development. This study investigates the regional digital innovation ecosystems in 30 provinces and cities across China. Grounded in resource orchestration theory, this research employs the fsQCA method to examine the configuration paths through which traditional and digital resources and capabilities contribute to the resilience of these ecosystems. By developing an evaluative framework for the resilience of regional digital innovation ecosystems, this study reveals a fluctuating upward trend in resilience across China’s regions, albeit with slow improvement rates and uneven development. The fsQCA identifies six configurational paths that bolster ecosystem resilience, categorized into two types: Technology Innovation-Digital Platforms and Financial-Physical Dominant. Furthermore, the paper highlights insufficient technological innovation capacity and imperfect digital governance as critical barriers to strengthening the resilience of regional digital innovation ecosystems. This research improves the evaluative framework for resilience in regional digital innovation ecosystems and extends the application of resource orchestration theory to the domain of resilience. The findings offer significant theoretical and practical insights into how regions can utilize both traditional and digital resources and capabilities to reinforce the resilience of their digital innovation ecosystems.

Introduction: Urbanization has affected the quality of the living environments. It is important to improve residents’ living environments and promote their happiness. Methods: We use a national and representative dataset targeting the labor force in China, collecting basic information about the work environments, the social environments, and the urban environments. This work employed a linear regression model to investigate the influencing factors of residents’ SWB. Results: The three major findings are as follows: 1) At the national level, residents’ SWB exhibits a notable spatial variability, being higher in the northern regions and lower in the southern areas. 2) The dimensions of the urban environments (housing prices, POI density, NPP, land development intensity and the number of tertiary hospitals), the work environments (work pressure and job satisfaction), and the social environments (community trust, social justice and sense of security), along with sociodemographic characteristics, significantly influence SWB. 3) In China, the impacts on SWB exhibit pronounced regional heterogeneity. The relationship between environmental pollution and SWB is characterized by an inverted U-shaped pattern. Intriguingly, while housing prices negatively affect SWB in the eastern and central regions, the enforcement of housing purchase limits has been observed to enhance residents’ SWB in the western region. Discussion: First, this work show the overall spatial level of SWB in China geographically. And second, this research found the SWB heterogeneity on a regional level (eastern, central, and western regions). Furthermore, this methodological framework provides a novel perspective among the urban, work and social environments on SWB. This work also contributes to inform policy to improve residents’ SWB in China.

To effectively manage economic transition and pursue sustainable development, the Chinese government has promulgated a series of policies in the 13th Five Year (2016-2020) Plan (FYP), covering social security, economic growth, energy transition, resource conservation, and environmental protection. To balance the various 13th FYP policy targets, we propose a multi-objective optimization model based on multi-regional input-output analysis. The model integrates the management of employment, energy consumption, water use, carbon emissions, and pollutant emissions by determining a policy-dominated industrial restructuring pathway that would best achieve consistency in sustainable development policies, adaptation to the national industrial development trend, and regional equity among China's provinces. Synergies and trade-offs among various policies are also discussed. Our optimization results show that an energy-consumption-dominated industrial restructuring pathway is the best solution, as it would satisfy various sustainable targets, facilitate (restrain) development of high-value-added (high-energy-consumption and high-emissions) sectors, as well as improve regional equity. Therefore, to realize sustainability, the energy policy should be prioritized when formulating an industrial restructuring pathway. Applying such a multi-objective optimization model provides policymakers with a comprehensive approach to support sustainable development policies.

This study presents an approach for estimating the offshore wind potential of Japan. Bathymetry data (1 km mesh) and near shore wind speed data of the year 2018 were used to assess the potential. A turbine with a peak power of 10.6 MW was employed for the analysis. The potential was calculated for multiple regions. These regions are based on the service areas of the major electricity supply companies in Japan. Overall, the results show that Japan has the potential to produce up to 32,028 PJ electricity per year. The electricity demand of 2018 amounts to 3231 PJ. The potential is therefore large enough to cover Japan’s electricity needs ten-times over. The capacity that could theoretically be installed amounts to 2720 GW, which is a multiple of the current worldwide installed capacity of 29.1 GW (2019). In addition to the huge potential, the regional assessment shows that the regions vary greatly in their potential; of all the considered regions, Hokkaido and Kyushu have the highest overall potential.

Regional integration effectively promotes the coordinated development of the economy and society in urban agglomerations. However, existing studies have paid little attention to the effect of regional integration on low-carbon development. To address this research gap, this study takes the expansion of the Yangtze River Delta implemented in 2010 as a natural experiment to explore the impact of regional integration on carbon dioxide (CO2) emission intensity by applying the differences-in-differences approach. Then, the mediating effect and moderating effect models are employed to investigate the influencing mechanisms involved. The results reveal that regional integration is positively correlated with CO2 emission intensity. In other words, the rising degree of regional integration cannot facilitate carbon emission reduction in China. According to the mechanism analysis, regional integration will indirectly increase CO2 emission intensity by strengthening economic connections among cities, while regional integration significantly reduces CO2 emission intensity through improving technological innovation. Furthermore, the moderating effect of industrial structure upgrading appears trivial in the Yangtze River Delta as a whole. The rationale is that the incumbent cities may optimize their industrial structure by transferring energy-intensive and high-polluting industries to the newly added cities. Finally, based on the above findings, this study offers several solid policy implications for promoting coordinated environmental governance.

Surge in global population and shift toward animal‐based diets have accelerated expansion of livestock production, posing various environmental challenges. It requires inventorying localized, activity‐specific, and indicator‐extended multidimensional eco‐environmental burdens and revealing their transfers within interregional trade to inform holistic livestock production management from both production and consumption sides. Herein, we construct a life cycle framework covering multiple livestock species, feeding regimes, and activities to evaluate nine environmental impacts ending up as human health, ecosystem quality and resource scarcity burdens in Chinese provincial regions. Multi‐regional input‐output analysis is then conducted to trace transfers of these burdens embedded within trade associated with livestock production. Results indicate that fine particulate matter formation (mainly by livestock housing) and climate change (mainly by enteric fermentation) contribute greater than 60% and 30% to health burdens. Besides for health burdens, for ecosystem burdens primarily caused by housing, and resource burdens mainly aggravated by high on‐farm energy use, poultry results in the highest level. The main production regions Shandong, Henan and Sichuan lead from perspectives of both production and consumption‐based burdens. Whereas regions with the largest export (Inner Mongolia, 3.87 × 104 DALY for health burdens) or import (Guangdong, 3.92 × 104 DALY for health burdens) do not necessarily bear greatest burdens. This work provides policy instructions in mitigating various eco‐environmental burdens imposed by livestock production and promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Plain Language Summary As the global population grows and diets shift toward more animal‐based foods, livestock production has increased significantly, leading to various environmental challenges. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of livestock production, focusing on its effects on human health, ecosystem quality, and resource scarcity across different regions in China. By examining multiple livestock species and livestock production practices, the study identifies key environmental burdens, such as air pollution and climate change, which are closely linked to livestock activities. Additionally, the study traces how these environmental impacts are transferred between regions through interregional trade. For example, while some regions are major producers or consumers of livestock products, they do not necessarily face the greatest environmental burdens. This finding highlights the complexity of managing livestock production sustainably, as it requires coordinated efforts across regions. The insights provided by this research are crucial for developing strategies to reduce the negative environmental impacts of livestock production and promote more sustainable agricultural practices. Key Points Pinpointing sources of various environmental impacts of livestock production in each region across various livestock species and activities Tracing transfers of health, ecosystem, and resource burdens embedded within interregional livestock products trade among provinces Revealing critical disparities between production and consumption regions in terms of their environmental burden profiles

Grapes are one of the world’s most widely distributed crops and are cultivated in more than 100 countries in the global scheme. Due to climate change and improper vine growth variable selection, production has significantly decreased across countries. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to develop a land suitability analysis method using a fuzzy expert system at a regional scale. The fuzzy membership function was used in the ArcGIS® environment to perform the spatial analysis, and the overlay function was used to generate the final suitability map for Afghanistan considering policy planning. The results indicated that 23% (15,760,144 ha) of the areas were potential and located in the highly suitable region for grape production; however, 11% (7,370,025 ha) of the regions were not suitable for vineyards throughout the country of Afghanistan. In the present study, it was observed that most of the vineyards were in highly suitable areas (90%, 80,466 ha), while 0.01% (5 ha) of the vineyards were in less suitable areas. The present analysis demonstrated that the significant extension of grape vines can be possible in highly suitable areas. The results of this research can support decision-makers, farm managers and land developers to find more prospective acreage for expanding vineyards in Afghanistan.