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"Regionalplanung."
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The Role of Administrative Courts in Shaping the Content of Local Spatial Development Plans in Poland
Purpose: The article's aim was a statistical analysis of rulings of administrative courts concerning local spatial development plans in Poland. Furthermore, statistical methods were proposed to verify regularities concerning the influence of administrative courts on spatial policy tools. Design/Methodology/Approach: The publication uses simple measures of structure differentiation. The analysis focused on the structure of validity judgments in 2010-2019 by 16 voivodeships and Poland in general. For each of the V1, V2, V3, and V measures, the measure of [beta] monotonicity of the structure was determined successively. Findings: The role of the law in the spatial management system, should be remembered that while specific, detailed solutions must be adapted to the specific national system, it can be pointed out that this role cannot be excessive. Practical Implications: Confirmation of the validity of the problems diagnosed in the spatial management system is an essential contribution to discussing the state and directions of changes to the spatial management systems. The legal context of rulings questioning the validity of local spatial development plans is critical from the positive and negative effects of spatial management systems. Originality/Value: The legal context of the judgments seems to be very important and innovative from the perspective of positive and negative consequences related to spatial management systems. Keywords: Spatial management, court decisions, local spatial development plan. JEL Codes: R58, K49. Paper type: Review article.
Journal Article
All minutes are not equal: travel time and the effects of congestion on commute satisfaction in Canadian cities
Despite decades of research, it is unclear under which circumstances travel is most onerous. While studies have found that some individuals derive positive utility from aspects of commuting, others have shown that traffic congestion can entail important time, monetary, and mental stress costs. Moreover, responses to traffic congestion-related stressors differs by individual characteristics. In response, this research captures how exposure to traffic congestion events, the duration of this exposure, and individual trait susceptibility to congestion affect the utility of commuting. Working through the lens of individual satisfaction with the duration of their commute, we show that not every minute of travel is valued the same by car commuters in Canadian cities. Results suggest a complex relationship between travel time, congestion, and individual predisposition to congestion-related stress. While improvements in travel time matter for increasing commute satisfaction, it is reductions in travel in congested conditions that matter most, particularly among those susceptible to congestion-related stressors.
Journal Article
Megaprojects—mega failures? The politics of aspiration and the transformation of rural Kenya
Megaprojects are returning to play a key role in the transformation of rural Africa, despite controversies over their outcome. While some view them as promising tools for a ‘big push’ of modernization, others criticize their multiple adverse effects and risk of failure. Against this backdrop, the paper revisits earlier concepts that have explained megaproject failures by referring to problems of managerial complexity and the logics of state-led development. Taking recent examples from Kenya, the paper argues for a more differentiated approach, considering the symbolic role infrastructure megaprojects play in future-oriented development politics as objects of imagination, vision, and hope. We propose to explain the outcomes of megaprojects by focusing on the ‘politics of aspiration’, which unfold at the intersection between different actors and scales. The paper gives an overview of large infrastructure projects in Kenya and places them in the context of the country´s national development agenda ‘Vision 2030′. It identifies the relevant actors and investigates how controversial aspirations, interests and foreign influences play out on the ground. The paper concludes by describing megaproject development as future making, driven by the mobilizing power of the ‘politics of aspiration’. The analysis of megaprojects should consider not only material outcomes but also their symbolic dimension for desirable futures.
Journal Article
Wind power deployment and the impact of spatial planning policies
Spatio-environmental externalities of renewable energy deployment are mainly managed through spatial planning policies, like regional expansion goals, zoning designated areas, or setback distances. We provide a quantitative analysis of how effectively spatial planning policies can steer RES deployment, using the example of onshore wind power expansion in Germany. Based on a novel georeferenced dataset of wind turbines and spatial planning policies, we use a dynamic panel data model to explain yearly additions in wind power capacities. Most importantly, we find a strong positive impact of zoning specific land areas for wind power deployment. An additional square kilometer of designated area leads to an increase of 4.6% of yearly capacity additions per county. Not only the amount of designated area matters, but also the size and shape of each individual designated area. Small and elongated areas are, on average, associated with more wind power expansion than large and compact areas. Moreover, we find that in states with an expansion goal, capacity additions are 2.6% higher. In contrast, increasing the setback distance between turbine sites and settlements by 100 m is associated with reductions of yearly capacity additions by about 3.1%. Our findings show that policymakers can resort to spatial planning instruments in order to effectively arrange wind power deployment with other land uses.
Journal Article
On a Spatial Development Strategy for Russia
The article offers meaningful innovations aimed at improving the Spatial Development Strategy for Russia. It is noted that the Strategy should be coordinated with other fields of federal socio-economic policy, including scientific, technological, and foreign economic areas. The paper substantiates the importance of multivector (aimed at the development of all macroregions of the country) federal spatial policy and its clearly articulated multiscale character (choosing as its objects territorial units of different scales – macroregions, regions, municipalities) with a significant increase in attention to municipalities (in particular, it is proposed to introduce in the Strategy the concepts of “geostrategic municipality” and “science city”). The paper emphasizes the need to move from the logic of identifying promising centers of economic growth to the consideration of a unified settlement system, mutual influence and interrelations between different types of territories, as well as to the analysis of the agglomeration processes at various scales (from rural agglomerations to the largest urban agglomerations and conurbations) as well as the formation of development axes.
Journal Article
Do Hegemonic-Party Regimes Reward or Punish Voters? A Tale of Distributive Politics in Tanzania
Does resource allocation by the central government to local governments in Tanzania favour opposition or the ruling party’s strongholds? The literature advances two opposing theories – electoral competition and hegemonic party hypotheses. We use unique data on fiscal transfers and human resource allocations to investigate the effect of electoral support on government allocations. Contrary to the two hypotheses, we find no political bias in fiscal resources transferred to local governments. Similarly, we find no strong evidence to suggest any political bias in human resource allocation. On the whole, neither does the evidence confirm nor conclusively disconfirm the two hypotheses. The findings imply that hegemonic-parties do not necessarily opt for a discriminative strategy in intergovernmental resource allocations even after facing a threatening opposition. Flexibility in autocratic menu and the path dependence of government’s social policy are likely to explain this kind of hegemonic party’s allocative behaviour.
Begünstigt die Mittelzuweisung der Zentralregierung an die Lokalregierungen in Tansania die Opposition oder die Hochburgen der Regierungspartei? In der Literatur werden zwei gegensätzliche Theorien vertreten: die Hypothese des Wahlwettbewerbs und die der hegemonialen Partei. Um die Auswirkungen von Wählerunterstützung Regierungszuweisungen zu untersuchen, verwenden wir exklusive Daten über fiskalische Transfers und die Zuweisung von Humanressourcen. Im Gegensatz zu den beiden Hypothesen stellen wir keine politische Verzerrung bei der Zuweisung von Steuermitteln an lokale Regierungen fest. Auch bei der Zuweisung von Humanressourcen gibt es keine eindeutigen Hinweise auf eine politische Verzerrung. Alles in allem lassen sich die beiden Hypothesen weder bestätigen noch eindeutig widerlegen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass hegemoniale Parteien nicht notwendigerweise bei der zwischenstaatlichen Ressourcenzuteilung diskriminieren, selbst wenn sie mit einer drohenden Opposition konfrontiert sind. Flexibilität in autokratischen Angeboten und die Pfadabhängigkeit der Sozialpolitik der Regierung erklären wahrscheinlich das Allokationsverhalten dieser Art von hegemonialen Parteien.
Journal Article