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The rapid growth in web-based grocery food purchasing has outpaced federal regulatory attention to the online provision of nutrition and allergen information historically required on food product labels. We sought to characterise the extent and variability that online retailers disclose required and regulated information and identify the legal authorities for the federal government to require online food retailers to disclose such information. We performed a limited scan of ten products across nine national online retailers and conducted legal research using LexisNexis to analyse federal regulatory agencies' authorities. USA. N/A. The scan of products revealed that required information (Nutrition Facts Panels, ingredient lists, common food allergens and per cent juice for fruit drinks) was present, conspicuous and legible for an average of only 36·5 % of the products surveyed, ranging from 11·4 % for potential allergens to 54·2 % for ingredients lists. More commonly, voluntary nutrition-related claims were prominently and conspicuously displayed (63·5 % across retailers and products). Our legal examination found that the Food and Drug Administration, Federal Trade Commission and United States Department of Agriculture have existing regulatory authority over labelling, online sales and advertising, and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Programme retailers that can be utilised to address deficiencies in the provision of required information in the online food retail environment. Information regularly provided to consumers in conventional settings is not being uniformly provided online. Congress or the federal agencies can require online food retailers disclose required nutrition and allergen information to support health, nutrition, equity and informed consumer decision-making.

Trust between constituent actors within the European Union (EU)’s multilevel regulatory regimes is decisive for regulatory success. Trust drives information flows, increases compliance, and improves cooperation within these regimes. Despite its importance, systematic knowledge regarding the drivers of trust within regulatory regimes is limited. This paper inquires whether trust in regulatory agencies is influenced by their affiliation with the national or EU governmental level, as well as by their performance. While existing literature predominantly focuses on why citizens place their trust in governments or regulatory agencies, this paper presents original insights regarding the formation of trust among elites within the regulatory regime, including politicians, ministerial officials, agency officials, interest groups, and regulated entities. We employ data obtained from a large-scale vignette experiment conducted in six countries involving 752 decision-makers from relevant organizations. The experimental results suggest that both public and private elite actors’ trust assessment of regulatory agencies does not hinge on cues associated with the governmental level, but rather depends on agency performance. Accordingly, belonging to the national or EU governmental level does not create a difference in trust assessment of regulatory agencies in itself. It, however, shows that particularly elite actors are rather sensitive in terms of the performance of a regulatory agency.

To assess whether drug regulatory agencies decided on applications for extended-release methylphenidate for use in adult ADHD based on select samples of trials. Case series of publicly available regulatory documents. We matched an index of extended-release methylphenidate trials for adult ADHD with trials appearing in regulatory documents of extended-release methylphenidate applications. Trials and regulatory documents were identified as part of this systematic review (https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012857). We sought to identify missing trials in the regulatory documents and to clarify regulatory submission requirements. We indexed 18 trials and matched those with 13 drug applications (11 approved, 2 rejected) published by 7 agencies. There were trials missing in 7 (54%) of 13 applications, median 4 trials (range 1-6). The median proportion of missing trial participants was 45% (range 23% - 72%). Regulators seemingly require that all trials must be included in new drug applications, but wording is ambiguous. In this sample of extended-release methylphenidate drug applications for adult ADHD, 7 of 13 regulatory decisions were missing entire trials according to public documents, even though regulatory requirements seem to stipulate that all available trials should be included in drug applications.

This article explores and elucidates the activities of transnational networks as regulatory intermediaries. Specifically, I examine their role in the regulation of banks, as far as they facilitate exchanges between global regulators (GRs)—such as the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision or the Financial Stability Board—and local regulators (LRs), such as national regulatory agencies or legislatures. I find that transgovernmental network intermediaries produce benefits both for GRs, which employ them to disseminate their rules; and for LRs, which use them to obtain influence, advice, and information. Networks promote collaborative intermediation horizontally, without compromising sovereignty, and require only soft organizational structures with low operational costs. Network intermediation is a key ingredient in facilitating local regulatory activities and in providing tools and cognitive resources to LRs. Network intermediaries blur the global-local boundary, however, as some of their members operate as LRs and simultaneously participate directly in GRs.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify, compare and evaluate regulatory requirements for the biosimilar development and review processes in BRICS-TM (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Turkey, Mexico) countries with mature regulatory systems of Australia, Canada, Singapore and Switzerland. It is hoped that this benchmark study provides an opportunity for BRICS-TM agencies to identify the key areas for improvement in their regulatory processes. Materials and Methods: A semi-quantitative questionnaire was developed covering the different criteria used in biosimilar development and registration process. Eleven regulatory agencies from BRICS-TM and ACSS (Australia, Canada, Switzerland and Singapore) countries were invited to take part in this study. Data processing and analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics for quantitative data and content analysis to generate themes for qualitative data. Results and Discussions: Nine of the 11 regulatory agencies recruited for the study completed the questionnaire. China and Singapore did not meet the deadline due to lack of resources. The organisational structure of BRICS-TM agencies revealed support from external assessors by most of these agencies in comparison with ACSS agencies. There was absence of reliance approach and participation in harmonisation activities across most BRICS-TM agencies. Despite alignment over biosimilarity, the mandate for in vivo non-clinical studies and additional local clinical studies in some of the BRICS-TM countries illustrates a lack of effective implementation of a step-wise approach. Adopting flexible regulatory standards in the sourcing of a RBP (Reference Biologic Product) by BRICS-TM similar to ACSS, will facilitate cost-effective development of biosimilar products. Conclusions: Comparative assessment of the biosimilar regulatory framework of BRICS-TM with ACSS agencies reveals the scope for enhancing efficiency of the regulatory approval process. To achieve this, BRICS-TM agencies should consider relying on reference agencies for alternative review mechanisms such as abridged or verification models, streamlined processes for providing scientific advice to developers and for waiving local clinical studies in-lieu of advanced scientific data.

When implemented by national and regional regulatory agencies good review practices (GRevPs) support the timely high-quality review of medicines for enhanced patients' availability to safe, quality and efficacious innovative and generic products. It is important that all aspects of GRevPs are continuously evaluated and updated to promote the continuous improvement of regulatory systems at national and regional levels. The aim of this study was to assess and compare the GRevPs of the national medicines regulatory agencies (NMRAs) of Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo, who are active participants of the ECOWASMRH initiative to identify opportunities for improvement. The Optimising Efficiencies in Regulatory Agencies questionnaire, was completed by each of the NMRAs, which facilitates the assessment of GRevPs, which in turn affect the regulatory review processes. Except for Cote d'Ivoire and Nigeria which are autonomous, the other five NMRAs operate within the administrative structure of their respective Health Ministry, to regulate medical products for human use, medical devices and diagnostics. Apart from Togo, the agencies receive partial funding from their governments as well as from regulatory fees. Population in the seven countries ranges from 8.6 million to 211.4 million. All the NMRAs had measures in place to achieve quality in their review processes, although there were some remaining initiatives related to transparency and communication, continuous improvement and training and education, to be implemented. Of the ten quality decision-making practices Ghana had implemented nine into a framework, Togo eight, Cote d'Ivoire seven, Nigeria six, and Burkina Faso five; while Sierra Leone has partially implemented all ten and Senegal had not implemented any of the quality decision-making practices. The study compared the organisation, GRevPs and quality decision-making processes of the NMRAs that actively participate in the ECOWAS-MRH initiative. Though some differences were identified with regard to organisation, a significant number of good review practice initiatives and quality decision-making practices were identified yet to be implemented to promote continuous improvement in the regulatory processes of the NMRAs.

To help academic and non-profit investigators interested in drug repurposing navigate regulatory approval processes, we compared pathways for repurposed drugs to obtain approval at EMA, UK MHRA, and the US FDA. Though we found no pathways specifically for repurposed drugs, pathways to market are available in all repurposing scenarios.

The present study aimed to examine the differences between enrolled subject populations and use of combination therapies as defined by the pivotal clinical trial protocols and the approved indications of anticancer drugs as determined by 3 major regulatory agencies. Thirty-eight approvals were collected that received market authorization from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) between January 2010 and September 2018 for initial approval of an anticancer drug or for an expanded therapeutic indication for a previously approved anticancer drug, based on the same pivotal clinical trial(s). The subject eligibility criteria of the pivotal clinical trials and the approved indications as established by these agencies were compared, and the differences were categorized according to patient biomarkers status, prior treatment status, and the use of combination therapies. In 20 (53%) approvals, there was a discrepancy between biomarker status of enrolled subjects in the pivotal trial and the therapeutic indication. In 7 of these cases, the biomarkers were used to diagnose the target cancer or to stratify the study subjects in the pivotal trial. In 9 cases, the biomarker discrepancies were related to minor histologic subtypes of the target cancer. Regarding prior treatment status, the FDA and the EMA generally approved indications for the same treatment line as the pivotal trials, whereas the PMDA did not restrict approval to untreated patients when the pivotal trial included only treatment-naive subjects. In 14 approvals, the FDA and the EMA designated the same co-administered drugs as part of the approved indications in line with the pivotal trials. However, the PMDA did not specify the co-administered drugs in 2 approvals and did not require combination therapy in 1 case. In principle, the approved therapeutic indications should be determined by the characteristics of the pivotal trial subjects and combination therapies. The use of biomarkers can be essential for identifying those patients who are most likely to benefit from a drug. Unfortunately, biomarker-defined subgroups are often insufficient in size to allow meaningful interpretation of results. Consequently, regulatory agencies may deviate from one another and from the pivotal trial protocol when interpreting study results and attempting to define the optimal treatment population. The PMDA-approved indications deviated more liberally from the pivotal trial protocols regarding specification of prior treatment status and the use of co-administered drugs.

Starting Active Materials for Synthesis (SAMS) represents a critical stage in drug manufacturing, directly influencing the microbiological quality and safety of the final product. The introduction of SAMS marks the point where Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) begin to apply, which are essential for ensuring sterility and preventing microbial contamination during the synthesis process. However, defining the exact point in the process that qualifies as the SAMS is subject to uncertainties, as earlier stages are not always governed by stringent GMP standards. The regulatory differences between various countries further contribute to this issue. This study explores the implications of SAMS selection and use in relation to sterility and infection control, analyzing the guidelines of major Regulatory Authorities and comparing their approaches to GMP. Regulations from several international regulatory agencies were examined, with a particular focus on microbiological control measures and infection protection in the SAMS manufacturing process. The analysis focused on the microbiological control requirements and safety measures applicable to the stages preceding the introduction of SAMS into the production of the final Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). Documents published between 2015 and 2025 were included based on predefined criteria regarding relevance, accessibility, and regulatory authority. The analysis revealed significant discrepancies between regulations regarding the definition and management of SAMS. In particular, the regulations in Mexico and India have notable gaps, failing to provide clear guidelines on SAMS sterility and protection against infectious contamination. Conversely, China has introduced risk-based approaches and early-stage microbiological controls, especially for sterile products, aligning with international standards. The European Medicines Agency (EMA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC/S), and the World Health Organization (WHO) have well-established systems for microbiological quality control of SAMS, including rigorous measures for the validation of suppliers and risk management to ensure that SAMS does not compromise the microbiological safety of the final product. The regulations in Brazil and Canada introduce additional measures to protect the microbiological quality of SAMS, with specifications for contamination control and certification of critical stages. The lack of a harmonized language for the definition of SAMS, coupled with a fragmented regulatory framework, presents a challenge for infection protection in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Key issues include the absence of specific regulations for stages prior to the introduction of SAMS and the lack of standards for inspections related to these stages. A desirable solution would be the mandatory extension of GMPs to the stages before SAMS introduction, with centralized control to ensure sterility and protection against infection throughout the entire manufacturing process.