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"Reliability aspects"
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Trust, computing, and society
\"Do new forms of connection need more regulation and control? These fascinating essays explore the question from technical, socio-philosophical, and design perspectives\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Method of assessment the degree of reliability of the pulse wave image in the rapid diagnosis of the human condition
In the article a methods of results reliability increasing during diagnosing a person's condition by pulse oximeter are considered. A new method of estimating the reliability of the measurement results of the parameters of the pulse wave and the method of tuning the optical part of the pulse oximeter are proposed. The use of this technique allows to make the insignificant of number errors influence on the measurements results. The experimental data about the various people condition research are presented.
Journal Article
Classification of indicators of reliability of systems in heavy engineering
A feature of this work is the study of the design reliability assessment based on analytical data, with further classification of its indicators. Like any other properties of technical devices, reliability is assessed by a certain set of indicators. The paper provides an overview of domestic and foreign sources on this topic. The main tasks associated directly or indirectly with the problem of reliability are identified, the solution of which is necessary to create designs of technical devices with an optimal level of reliability indicators. It was also found that the reliability indicators, depending on the specific conditions of their use, can be classified according to various criteria. The results of the work show the most significant factors of reliability, which can be quantitatively determined directly using the method of expert assessments.
Journal Article
Power : how the electric co-op movement energized the Lone Star State
\"According to author Joe Holley, the story of the Texas Electric Cooperatives, a collective of some 76 member-owned electric providers throughout the state, is a story of neighborliness and community, grit and determination, and persuasion and political savvy. It's the story of a grassroots movement that not only energized rural Texas but also showed residents the power they have when they band together to find strength in unity. Opening with the coming of electricity to Texas' major cities at the turn of the twentieth century, Power: How the Electric Co-op Movement Energized the Lone Star State describes the dramatic differences between urban and rural life. Though the major cities of Texas were marvels of nighttime brilliance, the countryside remained as dark as it had been for centuries before. It was not economical for the startup electrical companies to provide service to far-flung rural areas, so they were forced to do without. Beginning with the New Deal-era efforts of Sam Rayburn, Lyndon Johnson, and others, Holley chronicles the birth and development of the electric cooperative movement in Texas, including the 1935 federal act that created the Rural Electrification Administration. Holley concludes with the devastation wrought by Winter Storm Uri in February 2021 and the intense debate that continues around climate resilience and the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT), overseer of the state's electric grid, all of which has profound implications for rural electric cooperatives who receive their allocations according to procedures administered by ERCOT. Power is sure to enlighten, entertain, and energize readers and policymakers alike\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Evaluation of Energy Consumption in Block-Chains with Proof of Work and Proof of Stake
Although there are several special features in block-chain technology such as machine trust, traceability, and security, high energy consumption remains an issue in broadening the applications of block-chain technology. Some researchers proposed the use of proof of stake (PoS) mechanism rather than proof of work (PoW) mechanism to reduce energy consumption of block-chain. However, because PoS cannot guarantee fairness, mixed consensus mechanisms could be a solution and has been adopted in many studies. This paper aims to evaluate the performances of PoW, PoS and mixed consensus mechanisms from three aspects: energy consumption, fairness, and reliability. An agent-based model of a typical block-chain system equipped with different consensus mechanisms is created in NetLogo. This model simulates and evaluates the performances of different consensus mechanisms in the block-chain system.
Journal Article
The Chatbot Usability Scale: the Design and Pilot of a Usability Scale for Interaction with AI-Based Conversational Agents
Standardised tools to assess a user’s satisfaction with the experience of using chatbots and conversational agents are currently unavailable. This work describes four studies, including a systematic literature review, with an overall sample of 141 participants in the survey (experts and novices), focus group sessions and testing of chatbots to (i) define attributes to assess the quality of interaction with chatbots and (ii) the designing and piloting a new scale to measure satisfaction after the experience with chatbots. Two instruments were developed: (i) A diagnostic tool in the form of a checklist (BOT-Check). This tool is a development of previous works which can be used reliably to check the quality of a chatbots experience in line with commonplace principles. (ii) A 15-item questionnaire (BOT Usability Scale, BUS-15) with estimated reliability between .76 and .87 distributed in five factors. BUS-15 strongly correlates with UMUX-LITE by enabling designers to consider a broader range of aspects usually not considered in satisfaction tools for non-conversational agents, e.g. conversational efficiency and accessibility, quality of the chatbot’s functionality and so on. Despite the convincing psychometric properties, BUS-15 requires further testing and validation. Designers can use it as a tool to assess products, thus building independent databases for future evaluation of its reliability, validity and sensitivity.
Journal Article
Tools to support the automation of systematic reviews: a scoping review
The objectives of this scoping review are to identify the reliability and validity of the available tools, their limitations and any recommendations to further improve the use of these tools.
A scoping review methodology was followed to map the literature published on the challenges and solutions of conducting evidence synthesis using the JBI scoping review methodology.
A total of 47 publications were included in the review. The current scoping review identified that LitSuggest, Rayyan, Abstractr, BIBOT, R software, RobotAnalyst, DistillerSR, ExaCT and NetMetaXL have potential to be used for the automation of systematic reviews. However, they are not without limitations. The review also identified other studies that employed algorithms that have not yet been developed into user friendly tools. Some of these algorithms showed high validity and reliability but their use is conditional on user knowledge of computer science and algorithms.
Abstract screening has reached maturity; data extraction is still an active area. Developing methods to semi-automate different steps of evidence synthesis via machine learning remains an important research direction. Also, it is important to move from the research prototypes currently available to professionally maintained platforms.
Journal Article
Pathway analysis in metabolomics: Recommendations for the use of over-representation analysis
Over-representation analysis (ORA) is one of the commonest pathway analysis approaches used for the functional interpretation of metabolomics datasets. Despite the widespread use of ORA in metabolomics, the community lacks guidelines detailing its best-practice use. Many factors have a pronounced impact on the results, but to date their effects have received little systematic attention. Using five publicly available datasets, we demonstrated that changes in parameters such as the background set, differential metabolite selection methods, and pathway database used can result in profoundly different ORA results. The use of a non-assay-specific background set, for example, resulted in large numbers of falsepositive pathways. Pathway database choice, evaluated using three of the most popular metabolic pathway databases (KEGG, Reactome, and BioCyc), led to vastly different results in both the number and function of significantly enriched pathways. Factors that are specific to metabolomics data, such as the reliability of compound identification and the chemical bias of different analytical platforms also impacted ORA results. Simulated metabolite misidentification rates as low as 4% resulted in both gain of false-positive pathways and loss of truly significant pathways across all datasets. Our results have several practical implications for ORA users, as well as those using alternative pathway analysis methods. We offer a set of recommendations for the use of ORA in metabolomics, alongside a set of minimal reporting guidelines, as a first step towards the standardisation of pathway analysis in metabolomics.
Journal Article
Radiomics in nuclear medicine: robustness, reproducibility, standardization, and how to avoid data analysis traps and replication crisis
Radiomics in nuclear medicine is rapidly expanding. Reproducibility of radiomics studies in multicentre settings is an important criterion for clinical translation. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to investigate reproducibility of radiomics biomarkers in PET imaging and to obtain quantitative information regarding their sensitivity to variations in various imaging and radiomics-related factors as well as their inherent sensitivity. Additionally, we identify and describe data analysis pitfalls that affect the reproducibility and generalizability of radiomics studies. After a systematic literature search, 42 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis, and data from 21 were used for the quantitative meta-analysis. Data concerning measurement agreement and reliability were collected for 21 of 38 different factors associated with image acquisition, reconstruction, segmentation and radiomics-specific processing steps. Variations in voxel size, segmentation and several reconstruction parameters strongly affected reproducibility, but the level of evidence remained weak. Based on the meta-analysis, we also assessed inherent sensitivity to variations of 110 PET image biomarkers. SUVmean and SUVmax were found to be reliable, whereas image biomarkers based on the neighbourhood grey tone difference matrix and most biomarkers based on the size zone matrix were found to be highly sensitive to variations, and should be used with care in multicentre settings. Lastly, we identify 11 data analysis pitfalls. These pitfalls concern model validation and information leakage during model development, but also relate to reporting and the software used for data analysis. Avoiding such pitfalls is essential for minimizing bias in the results and to enable reproduction and validation of radiomics studies.
Journal Article