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"Repentance Islam"
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Atonement, Returning, and Repentance in Islam
The aim of this article is to demonstrate how in Islam the principle mechanism for atonement lies in tawba (returning, repentance). Divided into four sections, and drawing primarily on the literature of classical Sufism, the analysis begins by defining some key terms related to the idea of atonement, with special attention to the language of the Quran. Then it outlines three conditions of returning, repentance, and atonement, delineated by classical Muslim authorities, before turning to a brief overview of the concept of amending wrongs or settings matters aright. It concludes with some final remarks about the possibilities of atonement available until death, and the soteriological role divine mercy is believed to play in the posthumous states of the soul.
Journal Article
Allegorical depictions of the spiritual life of man in Robinson Crusoe (1719): An Islamic perspective
This study aims to read Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe from an Islamic perspective, arguing that the novel ‒ though set in a Western context ‒ is rich with the foundational principles of Islam. The study uses the comparative analytical method to compare and contrast the presence of these principles prevalent in Christianity and Islam and portrayed in the novel through the disobedience, repentance, solace in spirituality, and ultimately, the triumph of the individual, the protagonist, Robinson Crusoe. The paper thus demonstrates the extent to which an Islamic reading of Defoe's classic text fosters greater consciousness of the close affinity between Christianity and Islam, breaking the wall and bridging the divide. The analysis, in other words, highlights a range of Christian ethics, such as sin/disobedience, repentance and providence, that the story presents and are also the basic principles in Islam. In this sense, the study further reveals that Crusoe, as is evident in these readings from a new perspective, is not a unique man, he is rather representative of mankind which is also the case with religion and literature that use man as an epitome of God's will which ensures poetic justice, though it may come after much suffering.
Journal Article
Repentance in the Quran, Hadith, and Ibn Qudāma's Kitāb al-Tawwābīn
The Quran makes repentance an important element of piety and exhorts believers to repent of their sins. Numerous hadith also emphasize its importance, along with God's merciful forgiveness of the repentant sinner. In his K. al-Tawwābīn, the Hanbali scholar Ibn Qudāma al-Maqdisī (d. 620/1223) draws on a wide range of akhbār (always adorned with an isnād) to present examples of repentance of angels, prophets, Companions of Muḥammad, pious mystics, and others, including non-Muslims. Ibn Qudāma's treatise stands out for his frequent citation of accounts (often on the authority of Wahb b. Munabbih) maligned by other scholars as isrā'īliyyāt. In addition, his willingness to highlight the sins of prophets and the Prophet's Companions, while in line with other Hanbalis, challenges common notions of prophetic impeccability and the ethical qualities of the ṣaḥāba. In this article we argue that Ibn Qudāma is willing to challenge these notions because of his vision for the construction of the pious self. He sees human initiative in overcoming the self's natural inclination to sinfulness as a necessary step toward spiritual excellence. In this regard his spiritual vision is shaped by certain Sufi notions. While divine grace still plays a role in the working of repentance, it does not eliminate the need for human initiative. This led Ibn Qudāma to construct a mythical past in which many of the great spiritual figures were involved with a spiritual struggle with their own immoral or impious (or egotistical) instincts.
Journal Article
Religion, politics and an apocryphal admonition
This article analyses a Muslim missive, which was circulated in German East Africa in 1908. Erroneously dubbed the “Mecca letter”, it called believers to repentance and sparked a religious revival, which alarmed the German administration. Their primarily political interpretation of the letter was retained in subsequent scholarship, which has overlooked two important textual resources for a better understanding of the missive: the presence of similar letters elsewhere and the fourteen copies still available in the Tanzanian National Archive. Presenting the first text-critical edition of the letter, together with a historical introduction of the extant specimens and a textual comparison to similar missives elsewhere, the article argues that the East African “Mecca letter” of 1908 was nothing more than a local circulation of a global chain letter. As such, its rapid transmission was not connected to a single political agency, but was likely prompted by a large variety of motivations.
Journal Article
Experience of recovering addicts undergoing the 7 steps recovery in addiction program (7-SRA) as an aftercare treatment
The high number of drug addiction and relapse rate cases among Muslim clients in Malaysia has been always imposing apprehension upon Malaysians. This underpins the fact that there are rooms for more treatment options from different dimensions to be developed as the complementary action to the existing ones. Recognizing the etiological factor of addiction is also epitomized from individual spirituality, the 7-Steps Recovery in Addiction (7-SRA) was initiated based on Islamic teaching to further addressing this issue through the self-purification and repentance (tazkiyyat al-nafs). An in depth qualitative case study research was conducted to discover the experiences of 8 recovering clients as the participants in an aftercare center to discover their experience undergone the 7 Step in Recovery in Addiction Module. The data was triangulated by using in-depth interviews, observation notes and document analyses. The findings revealed that there were two emerging themes from informants’ shared experiences (pre and post intervention) which were spiritual and behavioral dimensions. 7-SRA was reported to be helpful approach for the participants in recovery process; thus 7-SRA is relevant to be employed as an evident-based practice (EBP) in drug addiction problem in particular as an aftercare treatment.
Journal Article
Radicalization and Bold Mercy
This essay highlights the role of mercy articulated in the 2014 Open Letter to al-Baghdadi, locates radicalization as a shared problem not restricted to vulnerable Muslim populations, and suggests factors that appear to account for it prior to the role of religious commitment (hate studies and social psychology). The Open Letter’s statement and application of mercy become a lens for Christians to see anew their own tradition’s recent attention to mercy up against two examples of white supremacist terror. This comparison suggests a new fruitful dialogue on mercy between Muslims and Christians can open up troubleshooting the root causes of—and possible responses to—radicalization.
Journal Article
Apostasy and Repentance in Early Medieval Zoroastrianism
The Middle Persian (Pahlavi) literature from the early Islamic centuries frequently deals with practical theological issues faced by the Zoroastrian communities under foreign domination. Here, we present a number of questions regarding a Zoroastrian's conversion to Islam and his subsequent repentance and desire to return to Zoroastrianism and answers given by ninth- and tenth-century Zoroastrian priestly authorities. It is shown how the priests cite ancient traditions found in the Pahlavi versions of Avestan texts to justify their answers, and then apply them to the contemporary social reality.
Journal Article