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At the end of the 19th century, Aydın was both a sanjak center and an important commercial center. It was connected to Izmir via Anatolia’s first railway line and was the commercial center through which the produce of central Anatolia was transferred to the port of İzmir. During the War of Independence, most of Aydin’s structures were destroyed and the center left almost entirely abandoned. After the foundation of the Turkish Republic, many efforts were made to rebuild and revitalize the settlement according to a new city plan. In the years following the war, as residential numbers increased, new housing was built as required. In this context, the current study aimed to define the architectural characteristics, value, potential and preservation problems of those registered residential buildings built between 1923 and 1950 in the city. The study presents a comprehensive look at the architectural characteristics of residential buildings in Aydın, and reveals how difficulties in identifying and registering architectural products of the Turkish Republican period is exemplified in the case of the city’s residential buildings. The study also shows that the architectural characteristics of residential buildings constructed between 1923 and 1950 represent both the new face of the Turkish Republic and the traditional living styles of the people of Aydın.

At the end of the19th century, Aydın was both the sanjak center and an important commercial center, whichwas connected to Izmir with the first railway line of Anatolia, through which the products of inner centers were transferred. In Aydın, as a growing sanjak center before the Independence War, most of the structures and buildings demolished; and the sanjak center was almost completely abandoned during the War. After the foundation of the young Turkish Republic, many efforts has been made in order to rebuilt Aydın according to new city plan, and made it viable centre. Especially, the lack of residential buildings for a small number of residents was among the basic problems in th city; and new residential buildings were constructed for the increasing number of residents. In this context, the study aims to define the architectural characteristics, values, potentials, preservation problems of registered residential buildings, which were built between 1923 and 1950 in Aydın. It presents a comprehensive look at the architectural characteristics of residential buildings in Aydın; and the difficulties of identification and registration of architectural products of Turkish Republican period has been exemplified by the residential buildings in Aydın. The study indicates that in Aydın, the architectural characteristics of the residential buildings constructed between 1923 and 1950 represents both the new face of young Turkish Republic and the traditional living styles of public.

Objetivo: describir analíticamente los componentes centrales de la Misión San Francisco de Laishí en el Territorio Nacional de Formosa, proyectada como espacio de educación total para la población indígena, poniendo especial énfasis en las condiciones espaciotemporales, el trabajo como dispositivo organizador y el sistema de normas y castigos que regulaban la vida cotidiana. Metodología: el corpus se compone mayoritariamente de las regulaciones normativas e informes de los superiores a cargo de la Misión. Para el análisis de las fuentes se recurrió a conceptualizaciones de la historia de la educación, la historia misional y los aportes del campo de la sociología sobre las instituciones totales. Originalidad: las misiones del periodo republicano en Argentina han sido escasamente estudiadas en relación con sus dimensiones educativas. El enfoque teórico adoptado resulta útil para atender las particularidades del proyecto pedagógico franciscano poniendo de relieve los modos accionales de educación como el racionamiento y la instrucción en las chacras. Conclusiones: a partir de la caracterización de la misión como espacio de educación total, se analizaron los componentes centrales de la misión y el sentido pedagógico de los dispositivos ideados para la transformación de las poblaciones indígenas. En las fuentes analizadas, los franciscanos expusieron las condiciones requeridas para imponer entre los sujetos reducidos nuevas pautas temporales, espaciales y corporales que los prepararían para su integración productiva. Objective: To analytically describe the central components of the San Francisco de Laishí Mission in the National Territory of Formosa, designed as a space of total education for the indigenous population, with special emphasis on spatiotemporal conditions, work as an organizing device, and the system of rules and punishments that regulated daily life. Methodology: The corpus consists mainly of normative regulations and reports from the supervisors in charge of the Mission. For the analysis of the sources, we used conceptualizations from the history of education, mission history, and contributions from the field of sociology on total institutions. Originality: Missions from the Republican period in Argentina have been scarcely studied in relation to their educational dimensions. The theoretical approach adopted is useful for addressing the particularities of the Franciscan pedagogical project, highlighting the action-based modes of education such as rationing and instruction in the chacras. Conclusions: Based on the characterization of the mission as a space of total education, the central components of the mission and the pedagogical sense of the devices designed for the transformation of the indigenous populations were studied. In the analyzed sources, the Franciscans outlined the conditions required to impose new temporal, spatial, and bodily guidelines among the reduced subjects that would prepare them for productive integration. Objetivo: descrever analiticamente os componentes centrais da Missão San Francisco de Laishí no Território Nacional de Formosa projetada como espaço de educação total para a população indígena, com especial ênfase nas condições espaço-temporais, no trabalho como dispositivo organizador e no sistema de normas e castigos que regulavam a vida cotidiana. Metodologia: o corpus é composto majoritariamente pelas regulamentações normativas e relatórios dos superiores responsáveis pela Missão. Para a análise das fontes, utilizou-se as conceituações da história da educação, da história missionária e as contribuições do campo da sociologia sobre as instituições totais. Originalidade: as missões do período republicano na Argentina foram pouco estudadas em relação às suas dimensões educativas. A abordagem teórica adotada é útil para atender às particularidades do projeto pedagógico franciscano, destacando os modos acionais de educação, como o racionamento e a instrução nas chácaras. Conclusões: a partir da caracterização da missão como espaço de educação total, foram analisados os componentes centrais da missão e o sentido pedagógico dos dispositivos concebidos para a transformação das populações indígenas. Nas fontes analisadas, os franciscanos expuseram as condições necessárias para impor aos sujeitos reduzidos novos padrões temporais, espaciais e corporais que os preparassem para a sua integração produtiva.

The first generation of modern stadiums was constructed during the early urbanization process of the Republic of Turkey, particularly with the contributions of Italian architect Paolo Vietti-Violi. These stadiums transformed both the physical environment and social identity, serving as some of the earliest examples of modern architecture. Accordingly, the first generation stadiums from the early Republican era were designed using modern architectural principles and spatial representations of Republican ideology, aiming to cultivate a modern, secular, and healthy society. In this sense, the study aims to reveal the effects of design decisions on the physical quality of space and the ways these spaces have transformed into tools for building a modern nation by examining the historical context, architectural components, and social impacts of the stadiums in question together. The study method involved an in-depth evaluation of all historical sources and materials to find out how the first generation of stadiums developed and shed light on socio-political influences. The study will reveal the aesthetic ideals of the time, focusing on design elements, materials, and the spatial organisation of the stadiums, as well as their social and cultural impact in producing a modern, secular, and healthy nation.

During the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the development of communication technology was closely correlated with societal progress. The social turmoil in the late Qing and early Republican periods, the social situation of “internal and external problems,” and the trend of “coming in” and “going out” of technological exchanges contributed to the introduction of modern communication technology, newspapers and magazines, and the establishment of the telegraph and the telephone. This led to the introduction of modern communication technology, represented by the telegraph and telephone, as well as the rise and establishment of newspapers and magazines. The national telegraph and the May Fourth Movement further enhanced the influence of the telegraph and communication technology on social development. The study analyzes the sources of funds, the number of subscribers, the number of telephone offices, the mileage of lines, the development of governmental telegraphs in each province, and the development of telegraphs in each country. It explores the development trend of communication technology in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, taking into account the interactions between the social conditions of the late Qing Dynasty and the development of telegraphs. Based on the monthly revenue of the telephone bureau, the Beijing Telephone Bureau’s installation fee in 1909 was approximately 1,799 yuan, with the telephone fee and the Electricity Bureau’s appropriation primarily financing its construction. Towards the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Beijing Telephone Bureau extended its telegraph lines and increased the number of users. By 1911, the telegraph lines’ mileage had reached about 99,979 miles, indicating a relatively rapid development. However, the telegraph business remained significantly behind that of other countries.

The early Republican period has been a very productive era in terms of women’s magazine publishing. The women, who gained the power to use the press during the last years of the Ottoman Empire, reinforced their experiences after the proclamation of the Republic. In this context, women’s magazines became one of the most important instruments for establishing the social position of women. However, unlike the publications in the Ottoman Period, the Republican period women’s magazines were shaped by the rights and economic conditions that the regime provided to women. These magazines largely remained loyal to the image of contemporary, intellectual, productive Turkish women, who were brought to the forefront with the task of raising the future healthy and strong generations and at the same time maintaining their traditional gender roles; moreover, they took active roles in reinforcing this. In this article, we examined how the image of a woman who was redefined as a good wife and a good mother with the Republic was reflected in the Ev Kadın magazine, one of the women’s magazines of the period. As the name suggests, the magazine covers topics such as fashion, beauty, housework, hand crafts, culinary skills, childcare and the target audience are mostly housewives. The magazine, which began its publication life in 1945, continued to be published until 1950. The magazine, which was printed in color and attracted attention with the photographs of women reflecting the Western fashion trends understanding of the period, ended its publication life with the 64th issue. While the image of the intellectual, contemporary and productive Turkish woman has been supported with visuals in the magazine, this image is blended with the role of motherhood and wife. In this respect, Ev Kadın magazine The early Republican period has been a very productive era in terms of women’s magazine publishing. The women, who gained the power to use the press during the last years of the Ottoman Empire, reinforced their experiences after the proclamation of the Republic. In this context, women’s magazines became one of the most important instruments for establishing the social position of women. However, unlike the publications in the Ottoman Period, the Republican period women’s magazines were shaped by the rights and economic conditions that the regime provided to women. These magazines largely remained loyal to the image of contemporary, intellectual, productive Turkish women, who were brought to the forefront with the task of raising the future healthy and strong generations and at the same time maintaining their traditional gender roles; moreover, they took active roles in reinforcing this. In this article, we examined how the image of a woman who was redefined as a good wife and a good mother with the Republic was reflected in the Ev Kadın magazine, one of the women’s magazines of the period. As the name suggests, the magazine covers topics such as fashion, beauty, housework, hand crafts, culinary skills, childcare and the target audience are mostly housewives. The magazine, which began its publication life in 1945, continued to be published until 1950. The magazine, which was printed in color and attracted attention with the photographs of women reflecting the Western fashion trends understanding of the period, ended its publication life with the 64th issue. While the image of the intellectual, contemporary and productive Turkish woman has been supported with visuals in the magazine, this image is blended with the role of motherhood and wife. In this respect, Ev Kadın magazine reflects the roles of the women glorified as mother and wife of the era.

In the 19th century, with the Tanzimat Period, the innovation movements were seen effectively in terms of social and administrative aspects. Changes in the administrative aspects have revealed new building types suitable for their functions such as post offices, government offices, prisons, which were not seen until then. The trend of change that started last period of the Ottoman Empire continued after the establishment of the Republic. Malatya, which is a crossroads in terms of its location, was one of the provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the Westernization Period. Malatya was a sanjak connected to Diyarbakir and Mamuret-ul-Aziz Provinces at different times; in the Republican Period, it became a province. In this study, the architectural features and conservation status of the public buildings of the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Periods in the center of today’s Malatya province with the effects of these structures on the change and development of the city were examined. The study started with a literature and archive review and then continued with fieldwork. The study aims to contribute to the fields of architectural history, urban history, and architectural conservation by evaluating the development of public buildings in Malatya city, which was one of the provincial centers of the Ottoman Empire in line with their needs. In addition, the study aimed to provide clear and permanent guidance for other researchers.

As a unit, housing is one of the most important elements affected by social, economic, and cultural changes in every period of human history. In all ages, from ancient times to the present, housing has not only met the need for shelter, but also reflected people’s lifestyles and values and the technological developments of the period. Housing architecture emerges as a type of structure that has been continuously evolving in every period and is affected by the changes experienced by societies. In this study, the idea that houses are not only structural products, but the structures that have become homes for humans, is approached and discussed through concepts such as spatial organization, relationality, accessibility, visibility, density of use, depth, privacy, and belonging. The Yenişehir district in Karabük province, which is thought to have been transformed into design by considering these concepts, also constitutes the focus area of the study idea in this sense. The houses located in the Yenişehir district, which was selected because it contains concrete examples of the modernization efforts of the Early Republican Period of Türkiye and is an example of industrial housing production, have been numerically evaluated within the scope of this study with the data obtained from the space syntax analysis and the depthMapX program (v0.8.0). In this way, it raises the question of whether it is possible to create housing settlements for people in the transition from agricultural society to industrial society without disrupting the socio-cultural structure of society. As a result, it has been seen that the houses in Yenişehir are designed functionally and human-oriented, and they also consider the dynamics of society.

This article examines the adoption of modern fingerprinting in early twentieth-century China through a case study of the Fingerprint Society, an association affiliated with the Ministry of Interior’s police academy that was active in 1920s Beijing. The members of this association viewed fingerprinting as both a technique that could be used to demonstrate China’s adoption of globally accepted standards of policing and justice and a body of academic knowledge that could form the basis for a would-be profession of fingerprinting experts. While the Fingerprint Society ultimately failed to accomplish its profession-building goals, its activities nonetheless shed light on an early moment in the history of new identification practices in China as well as on dynamics that have shaped the global history of fingerprinting as an area of modern expert knowledge located ambiguously between policing and science.