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In mining rescue operations, the practical training of rescue personnel plays an essential role in the selection and configuration of rescue teams that intervene in critical situations, major incidents, accidents or other events occurring in underground mining works. Practical training can be conducted through monthly scheduled practical exercises at rescue stations within a mining unit, as well as through modern training means available at INCD-INSEMEX Petroșani (virtual reality, mobile training facility for rescuers) used in the process of instruction and re-instruction of mining rescuers. Mining rescuers’ training level can be quantified through both physical and mental training by their reactions in certain critical situations, which can be created using virtual reality. Furthermore, the monitoring of the rescuers’ physiological parameters before, during and after performing the practical exercise is also of particular importance. This monitoring can be carried out through the equipment available in the mobile training facility. The current paper aims to establish complex training scenarios for mining rescuers to select and configure rescue teams that can act in case of explosions, mine fires or other events.

Many victims of drowning fatalities are lay-people attempting to rescue another. This review aims to identify the safest techniques and equipment (improved or purpose made) for an untrained bystander to use when attempting a water rescue. A sample of 249 papers were included after the bibliographic search, in which 19 were finally selected following PRISMA methodology and 3 peer review proceeding presented at international conferences. A total of 22 documents were added to qualitative synthesis. Geographical location, economic level, physical fitness, or experience may vary the profile of the lay-rescuers and how to safely perform a water rescue. Four lay-rescuers profiles were identified: 1) Children rescuing children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), 2) Adults rescuing adults or children, 3) Lay-people with some experience and rescue training, 4) Lay-people with cultural or professional motivations. Three types of techniques used by those lay-rescuers profiles: a) non-contact techniques for rescues from land: throw and reach, b) non-contact techniques for rescue using a flotation device and, c) contact techniques for rescue into the water: swim and tow with or without fins. The expert recommendation of the safest technique for a lay-rescuer is to attempt rescue using a pole, rope, or flotation equipment without entering the water. However, despite the recommendations of non-contact rescues from land, there is a global tendency to attempt contact rescues in the water, despite a lack of evidence on which technique, procedure or equipment contributes to a safer rescue. Training strategies for lay-people should be considered. •The safest technique for a lay-rescuer is to attempt water rescue without entering the water•Four different lay-rescuer profiles were found. Prevention strategies should be adjusted to target each profile•Lay-rescuers in-water with formal training, fitness, and flotation equipment eg. Surfers, could consider attempting a rescue

This essay explores the criticism that belief in the God of Christianity is an escape from facing death. Irvin Yalom claims that the faithful use God as an \"ultimate rescuer\" from death to avoid facing their mortality. This essay argues that Søren Kierkegaard's God is not an ultimate rescuer because the Kierkegaardian individual faces death head-on with earnestness. Kierkegaard's account of mortality actually lends more urgency to finite life because it provides a pressing task to be completed this very day.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed by rescuers wearing well-sealed respirators such as N95 masks, was associated with significant reduction in the chest compression rate and depth. This was attributed to fatigue during the standard 2-min rescuer rotations. We hypothesized that in such situations, rotating rescuers every one minute, instead of the standard two minutes would improve CPR quality. To compare the quality of chest compressions when rescuers wearing N95 masks are rotated every one minute, instead of the standard practice of two-minute rotations. A randomized, controlled, crossover trial was conducted, with the approval of the institutional Ethics Committee. Medical students who volunteered as rescuers were trained to perform high-quality chest compressions on a manikin, and then randomly allocated into pairs. Each pair was randomized to one of two trial groups viz. one-minute rotations crossed-over to two-minute rotations; and vice versa. Thus, each pair performed CPR with one-minute rotations, as well as two-minute rotations Each CPR session included chest compressions for a duration of 12 min. The outcome parameters included CPR quality, compression depth, compression rate, and chest compression fraction. Rescuer fatigue was measured before and after each study session using the modified Borg scale. Fifty-six participants completed the study. The overall CPR quality was statistically similar in the study arms (median 88% vs. 81%, p = 0.09). However, the minute-to-minute inter-arm comparison revealed significantly lower CPR quality in the 2-min rotation arm, at the end of minutes 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 (respective p-values 0.03, 0.001, 0.008, 0.02, 0.002). A similar trend was observed in compression depth also. Rescuer fatigue score was significantly less with 1-min rotations compared to 2-min rotations (p < 0.001). Rescuer vital signs and cardiorespiratory parameters were not different with the two types of rotations. During CPR performed by rescuers wearing N95 masks, the quality of CPR appears to be superior with rescuers rotating at 1-min instead of 2-min intervals. More frequent rotation was also associated with less rescuer fatigue. •Cross-over RCT compared 1-min vs. 2-min rotation of CPR rescuers wearing N95 masks.•CPR quality was lower during every 2nd minute, with 2-min rescuer rotations.•CPR quality was better preserved throughout when rescuers rotated every minute.•Rescuer fatigue was significantly less during the 1-min rotations.

(1) Objective: The objective was to evaluate the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR, chest compressions and ventilations) when performed by a lone first responder on an infant victim via the over-the-head technique (OTH) with bag-mask ventilation in comparison with the standard lateral technique (LAT) position. (2) Methods: A randomized simulation crossover study in a baby manikin was conducted. A total of 28 first responders performed each of the techniques in two separate CPR tests (15:2 chest compressions:ventilations ratio), each lasting 5 min with a 15 min resting period. Quality CPR parameters were assessed using an app connected to the manikin. Those variables were related to chest compressions (CC: depth, rate, and correct CC point) and ventilation (number of effective ventilations). Additional variables included perceptions of the ease of execution of CPR. (3) Results: The median global CPR quality (integrated CC + V) was 82% with OTH and 79% with LAT (p = 0.94), whilst the CC quality was 88% with OTH and 80% with LAT (p = 0.67), and ventilation quality was 85% with OTH and 85% with LAT (p = 0.98). Correct chest release was significantly better with OTH (OTH: 92% vs. LAT: 62%, p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in the remaining variables. Ease of execution perceptions favored the use of LAT over OTH. (4) Conclusions: Chest compressions and ventilations can be performed with similar quality in an infant manikin by lifeguards both with the standard recommended position (LAT) and the alternative OTH. This option could give some advantages in terms of optimal chest release between compressions. Our results should encourage the assessment of OTH in some selected cases and situations as when a lone rescuer is present and/or there are physical conditions that could impede the lateral rescue position.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation and influencing factors of resilience, coping style, anxiety, and depression among rescue nurses on Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) during the disaster preparedness stage, and to explore the relationship between resilience, coping style, anxiety, and depression. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used. The convenience sampling method was used to select rescue nurses from 4 national EMTs in Sichuan Province, China. CD-RISC, SCSQ, Zung SAS, and SDS were used as research tools. A total of 197 valid questionnaires were returned, with a 98.5% response rate. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that average monthly income, depression level, and coping style were the main factors affecting nurses' resilience. Resilience was significantly and positively correlated with coping style and negatively correlated with anxiety and depression. There were significant differences in SCSQ, Zung SAS, and SDS scores among Clusters. In the disaster preparedness stage, rescue nurses on EMTs have a medium level of resilience and good coping styles, but their levels of anxiety and depression are high. It is suggested that more attention should be devoted to the target population to formulate effective intervention plans, reduce psychological pressures, and improve their capacity for coping with disasters.

A new set of underwear and protective clothing with phase change materials (PCM) for mine rescuers has been developed in order to increase their safety of work. It includes PCM pouches absorbing excess heat from the body. In order to evaluate thermal load of mine rescuers, physiological tests were carried out for three variants of possible use of the developed set of clothing: for mine rescuers wearing only the underwear with PCM; for a set of underwear and protective clothing; and for a complete set of clothing with closed-circuit compressed oxygen breathing apparatus. Tests were performed in difficult microclimate conditions, reflecting the typical working conditions of rescuers that cause a significant thermal load. The use of outer clothing shortened safe time of exposure to such conditions by about 36%, while the addition of respiratory protective device to this set further shortened this time to a lesser extent (by another 13%).

Background Updated life-support guidelines were published by the European Resuscitation Council (ERC) in 2010, increasing the required depth and rate of chest compression delivery. This study sought to determine the impact of these guidelines on rescuer fatigue and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance. Methods 62 Health science students performed 5 min of conventional CPR in accordance with the 2010 ERC guidelines. A SkillReporter manikin was used to objectively assess temporal change in determinants of CPR quality. Participants subjectively reported their end-fatigue levels, using a visual analogue scale, and the point at which they believed fatigue was affecting CPR delivery. Results 49 (79%) participants reported that fatigue affected their CPR performance, at an average of 167 s. End fatigue averaged 49.5/100 (range 0–95). The proportion of chest compressions delivered correctly decreased from 52% in min 1 to 39% in min 5, approaching significance (p=0.071). A significant decline in chest compressions reaching the recommended depth occurred between the first (53%) and fifth (38%) min (p=0.012). Almost half this decline (6%) was between the first and second minutes of CPR. Neither chest compression rate, nor rescue breath volume, were affected by rescuer fatigue. Conclusion Fatigue affects chest compression delivery within the second minute of CPR under the 2010 ERC guidelines, and is poorly judged by rescuers. Rescuers should, therefore, be encouraged to interchange after 2 min of CPR delivery. Team leaders should be advised to not rely on rescuers to self-report fatigue, and should, instead, monitor for its effects.

This study examined a discrepancy that exists between the duration of resuscitative efforts that physicians perceive as appropriate and the duration that laypersons desire. We conducted an online nationwide cross-sectional survey with 323 physicians and 2,667 laypersons. Physicians were significantly more likely than laypersons to consider a duration of ≥ 30 min as appropriate for resuscitation, especially in younger patients (age 0–6:85% vs. 27%; age 7–17:84% vs. 29%; both p < 0.001). Although these responses arise from fundamentally different psychological frames, identifying this discrepancy may provide a conceptual foundation for discussing more appropriate termination-of-resuscitation approaches in real-world clinical settings.

Objectives: Performing chest compressions in high-temperature environments may increase the physiological strain on rescuers, potentially affecting the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study aimed to examine the effects of environmental temperature on physiological responses, perceived exertion, and chest compression performance.Methods: Twenty male participants performed 10 minutes of chest compressions under 2 temperature conditions: 35°C (HOT) and 25°C (CON). Physiological parameters, including rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperature, heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), were measured. The number of successful chest compressions was also recorded.Results: The results indicated no significant differences in Tre, heart rate, or RPE during chest compressions between HOT and CON. However, Tre showed a tendency to increase continuously during the recovery phase at 35°C. HR decreased during recovery in both conditions but remained elevated at 35°C compared with resting levels. A significant interaction effect was observed in mean skin temperature, suggesting different thermoregulatory responses between HOT and CON.Conclusions: These findings suggest that although subjective exertion and cardiovascular responses may not differ significantly, prolonged exposure to high temperatures could influence thermoregulation in rescuers. Future research should explore the long-term impact of heat stress on CPR performance and rescuer safety.