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\"Thirty-two years ago Rolex created the Awards for Enterprise to honor outstanding individual achievements in the realms of science, technology, discovery, environment, and cultural heritage. Out of thousands of contenders, ten people are singled out for their dedicated and passionate contributions around the world. Featuring full-color images and texts by an international team of journalists and photographers, this book commemorates the unique and life-enhancing projects of the most recent award winners\"--Publisher's description

Following a congressional directive in its FY 2006 Appropriations Act, the National Science Foundation asked the STEP Board to \"propose a plan for administering prizes to individuals or teams that achieve novel solutions to specified social or research needs or capitalize on recognized research opportunities.\" A committee under the STEP Board concluded that an ambitious program of innovation inducement prize contests would be a sound investment in strengthening the infrastructure for U.S. innovation and that NSF, although inexperienced, is well suited to designing an experimental program that could add substantially to understanding regarding the appropriate goals of such contests, the motivations of participants and sponsors, and the rules and conditions that contribute to successful contests. The committee recommends that NSF start off with a series of small-scale prizes ($200K - $2M) in diverse areas while beginning to plan for much more ambitious contests ($3M-$30M) that would address significant economic or social challenges and be conducted over several years. The report addresses many of the generic issues that arise in administering innovation prize contests (types of contests, eligibility to participate, disposition of intellectual property rights, and decisions regarding awards) and explores 7 research and technology fields that might lend themselves to prize contests.

This book brings together in one volume fifteen Nobel Prize-winning discoveries that have had the greatest impact upon medical science and the practice of medicine during the 20th century and up to the present time. Its overall aim is to enlighten, entertain and stimulate. This is especially so for those who are involved in or contemplating a career in medical research. Anyone interested in the particulars of a specific award or Laureate can obtain detailed information on the topic by accessing the Nobel Foundation's website. In contrast, this book aims to provide a less formal and more personal view of the science and scientists involved, by having prominent academics write a chapter each about a Nobel Prize-winning discovery in their own areas of interest and expertise.

Acceptabilité et adaptation pour l'urgence d'un outil d'aide à la prise de décision partagée dans le recours à l'antibiothérapie pour traiter les infections respiratoires aigues

BackgroundThe Caring for Carers (C4C) project aims to assess the effectiveness and acceptability of an online, group-based supervision program for mental health practitioners working with displaced communities in Bangladesh and in Türkiye and Northwest Syria. This paper highlights the integration of Rohingya perspectives to ensure responsiveness to the unique needs of displaced populations through the supervision program.MethodsAdopting a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach, the project engaged Rohingya community members in every phase to ensure the program’s relevance to local needs. A Rohingya Advisory Committee (RAC) was formed to integrate Rohingya perspectives and conducted in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD) with two female MHPSS service users and five male community members, respectively. As recommended by Kiger and Varpio (2020), thematic analysis was employed within a constructivist framework that acknowledged cultural variations in mental health perceptions. The C4C project employed several strategies to engage community members and integrate their perspectives. Stakeholder consultations involved MHPSS service users and community members, the RAC conducted workshops for supervisors, and engaged regularly with the project team providing insights on cultural and practical challenges and collaborating to adapt supervision program materials.ResultsFGD and IDI with service users and community members provided a first glimpse into the community’s needs, and experiences, whereas the advisory committee provided lived experiences, meaning of displacement, and ancestral background. The project team invested in a respectful relationship with the advisory committee, working collaboratively to reflect on each other’s perspectives through regular meetings and adding content and strategies to the supervision processes. Voices from the community informed the supervision program by elucidating contextual markers, cultural and situational understanding, appreciation, curiosity, experiential information, historical background, and perspectives on mental health needs as well as services.ConclusionsIncorporating strategies and perspectives from the community, we aimed to provide a framework of community engagement termed as PEACE (Participation, Expertise, Agency, Connection, and Empowerment) along with enabling and challenging factors.Plain English summaryInvolving mental health service users and community members for which the services have been developed is a crucial stage to ensure mental health services are culturally sensitive. This is even more important for those representing forcefully displaced communities amid limited or no opportunities to contribute to the development and delivery of these services. Often, the voices of these communities are less sought raising concerns over the suitability and acceptability of the services. Community-based participatory initiatives help to include the voices of refugee or displaced communities in research and clinical practice. We aimed to collaborate with with Rohingya refugee community members living in Cox’s Bazaar, Bangladesh to ensure mental health services adequately capture their needs. A Rohingya Advisory Community (RAC) was formed in an effort to understand their needs and opinions to be able to provide culturally sensitive mental health services. Researchers initiated and continued discussions with the RAC for over 2 years. The RAC engaged in several activities such as workshops and presentations to help design a program to support Bangladeshi mental health practitioners to provide mental health care taking the cultural into account.Based on the discussion, we aimed to share a framework- PEACE, to guide meaningful participation in low-and-middle income countries. PEACE stands for Participation, respecting community Expertise, promoting Agency, building genuine Connections, towards Empowerment. In addition, we also discussed potential challenges such as lack of trust and resources, human rights violations to foster meaningful participation. Finally, we emphasized that models of participation from Western countries must be guided by the knowledge of community people who have better cultural, social, and political understanding.

BackgroundYoung women living with perinatal infections of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (YWLPHIV) in low- and middle-income countries are more likely to be challenged by social and health inequities, which can make adherence to life-long treatment difficult. We aimed to learn more about how YWLPHIV in Cape Town negotiated their adherence to antiretroviral treatment (ART) within their material environments. This study is one of the first to go beyond barriers and facilitators to adherence for people living with HIV to explore the role of the material environment in depth.MethodsWe adopted a multisensory arts-based community participatory approach and used visual and digital mediums for data-collection and analytical purposes. In our previous work, we identified a gap in the role of the material environment in ART adherence and proposed the Adherence Assemblage model grounded in critical phenomenology, which integrates biological, psychological, social, health system, political, natural, and material dimensions. This study co-explores non-living 'things'—such as bedrooms, doctor’s offices, pill containers, and condoms—that shape young women's adherence to ART in South Africa. The co-research team consisted of three academics, seven YWLPHIV (although they approved the study they could not be named as authors to protect their identities), one counsellor and two visual ethnographers. Data analysis was an iterative process with the co-research team. At first, we would reflect and journal the main insights individually, and then in joint meetings, we shared them. Together, we identified the main storylines and then created collaborative artworks we called, synthesis creations, in response. We operationalised this as a type of creative work that combines and integrates ideas or elements from multiple sources. It typically involves a process of synthesis, in which different pieces of information or artistic materials are brought together and recombined to form a new whole.ResultsWe co-creatively synthesised our findings into one research documentary and five co-creative artworks. We synthesised four storylines: ‘living with a (un)exposed HIV secret’, ‘multisensory experience of adherence’, ‘things that matter in adherence’, and ‘engaging spaces and places. Things such as the pill itself were perceived as triggers for associated memories and evoked emotional responses, impacting the adherence behaviours of YWLPHIV. At times, non-adherence was described as an act of control, with young women narrated an experience of power by rejecting the pills. Besides the more obvious lines of argument on power dynamics, the findings suggest that materiality influences adherence too. However, it is seldom used as an analytical concept to investigate challenges related to ART.ConclusionsIn conclusion, understanding the material environment's role in adherence is crucial for developing more effective support systems for YWLPHIV. Further research that prioritises the specific needs of YWLPHIV emotional, cognitive, and psychosocial development, while paying attention to the material environment is needed.Plain English summaryThis study explores how young women in Cape Town, South Africa, who were born with HIV, relate to their medication. These young women got HIV from their mothers during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. We worked closely with them to understand how everyday things in their lives—like their bedrooms, pill bottles, clinics, and even condoms—affect how they think about and take (or choose not to take) their HIV treatment, called antiretroviral treatment (ART). We employed creative methods, including drawing, photography, and storytelling, to help the young women share their experiences. Together, we found four big themes: keeping HIV a secret, how the treatment feels in their bodies and minds, the role of physical objects in their treatment routines, and how the environments they live in shape their choices. We learned that where they live, who they live with, and even what their spaces look and feel like—whether messy or calm, private or shared—can make it easier or harder for them to stick to their treatment. For example, taking medication in a shared home can feel risky if others do not know their HIV status. Some young women used to skip medication to feel in control of something in their lives. The results were turned into a short film and artworks to help health workers, families, and policymakers listen better and build support systems that work for young women. This study shows that HIV care is about much more than just giving people pills—it’s about understanding the full picture: their emotions, the objects around them, and the physical and social spaces they move through every day. It is important it is to listen to young women and consider their full lives—not just their illness—when designing HIV care.

ABSTRACTBackgroundGlobal population aging will result in increasing rates of cognitive decline and dementia. Thus, effective, low-cost, and low side-effect interventions for the treatment and prevention of cognitive decline are urgently needed. Our study is the first to investigate the effects of Kundalini yoga (KY) training on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MethodsOlder participants (≥55 years of age) with MCI were randomized to either a 12-week KY intervention or memory enhancement training (MET; gold-standard, active control). Cognitive (i.e. memory and executive functioning) and mood (i.e. depression, apathy, and resilience) assessments were administered at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks. ResultsAt baseline, 81 participants had no significant baseline group differences in clinical or demographic characteristics. At 12 weeks and 24 weeks, both KY and MET groups showed significant improvement in memory; however, only KY showed significant improvement in executive functioning. Only the KY group showed significant improvement in depressive symptoms and resilience at week 12. ConclusionKY group showed short- and long-term improvements in executive functioning as compared to MET, and broader effects on depressed mood and resilience. This observation should be confirmed in future clinical trials of yoga intervention for treatment and prevention of cognitive decline (NCT01983930).

This paper describes the challenges that consumers, insurers and insurance regulators face in dealing with insurance for low-probability, high-consequence events. Given their limited experience with catastrophes, there is a tendency for all three parties often to engage in short-term intuitive thinking rather than long-term deliberative thinking when making these insurance-related decisions. Public–private partnerships can encourage investment in protective measures prior to a disaster, deal with affordability problems and provide coverage for catastrophic risks. Insurance premiums based on risk provide signals to residents and businesses as to the hazards they face and enable insurers to lower premiums for properties where steps have been taken to reduce risk. To address issues of equity and fairness, homeowners who cannot afford insurance could be given vouchers tied to loans for investing in loss reduction measures. The National Flood Insurance Program provides an opportunity to implement a public–private partnership that could eventually be extended to other extreme events.

ABSTRACTBackgroundQuality of life (QoL) is an important outcome for people with dementia living in care homes but usually needs to be rated by a proxy. We do not know if relative or paid carer proxy reports differ. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of data investigating whether and how these proxy reports of QoL differ. MethodsWe searched four databases: Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, and CINAHL in October 2015 with the terms: dementia, QoL, proxy, and care home. Included studies either compared proxy QoL ratings or investigated the factors associated with them. We meta-analyzed data comparing staff and family proxy rated QoL. ResultsWe included 17/105 papers identified. We found no difference between global proxy ratings of QoL ( n = 1,290; pooled effect size 0.06 (95% CI = −0.08 to 0.19)). Studies investigating factors associated with ratings ( n = 3,537) found family and staff ratings correlated with the resident's physical and mental health. Staff who were more distressed rated resident QoL lower. Relatives rated it lower when the resident had lived in the care home for longer, when they observed more restraint, or contributed more to fees. ConclusionsRelatives and staff proxy QoL ratings share a clear relationship to resident health and overall ratings were similar. Rater-specific factors were, however, also associated with scores. Understanding why different raters consider the QoL of the same person differently is an important consideration when evaluating the meaning of proxy rated QoL. Proxy raters’ backgrounds may affect their rating of QoL.