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Reporting guidelines for clinical trial reports for interventions involving artificial intelligence: the CONSORT-AI extension
The CONSORT 2010 statement provides minimum guidelines for reporting randomized trials. Its widespread use has been instrumental in ensuring transparency in the evaluation of new interventions. More recently, there has been a growing recognition that interventions involving artificial intelligence (AI) need to undergo rigorous, prospective evaluation to demonstrate impact on health outcomes. The CONSORT-AI (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials–Artificial Intelligence) extension is a new reporting guideline for clinical trials evaluating interventions with an AI component. It was developed in parallel with its companion statement for clinical trial protocols: SPIRIT-AI (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials–Artificial Intelligence). Both guidelines were developed through a staged consensus process involving literature review and expert consultation to generate 29 candidate items, which were assessed by an international multi-stakeholder group in a two-stage Delphi survey (103 stakeholders), agreed upon in a two-day consensus meeting (31 stakeholders) and refined through a checklist pilot (34 participants). The CONSORT-AI extension includes 14 new items that were considered sufficiently important for AI interventions that they should be routinely reported in addition to the core CONSORT 2010 items. CONSORT-AI recommends that investigators provide clear descriptions of the AI intervention, including instructions and skills required for use, the setting in which the AI intervention is integrated, the handling of inputs and outputs of the AI intervention, the human–AI interaction and provision of an analysis of error cases. CONSORT-AI will help promote transparency and completeness in reporting clinical trials for AI interventions. It will assist editors and peer reviewers, as well as the general readership, to understand, interpret and critically appraise the quality of clinical trial design and risk of bias in the reported outcomes.
The CONSORT-AI and SPIRIT-AI extensions improve the transparency of clinical trial design and trial protocol reporting for artificial intelligence interventions.
Journal Article
ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove
At least four articles credit the AI tool as a co-author, as publishers scramble to regulate its use.
At least four articles credit the AI tool as a co-author, as publishers scramble to regulate its use.
Credit: Iryna Imago/Shutterstock
Hands typing on a laptop keyboard with screen showing artificial intelligence chatbot ChatGPT
Journal Article
Cite it : selecting credible sources
Explains how to find and evaluate sources for research projects and the importance of providing citations for reference sources.
Book
NRT1.1-Related NH₄⁺ Toxicity Is Associated with a Disturbed Balance between NH₄⁺ Uptake and Assimilation
A high concentration of ammonium (NH₄⁺) as the sole source of nitrogen in the growth medium often is toxic to plants. The nitrate transporter NRT1.1 is involved in mediating the effects of NH₄⁺ toxicity; however, the mechanism remains undefined. In this study, wild-type Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia-0 [Col-0]) and NRT1.1 mutants (chl1-1 and chl1-5) were grown hydroponically in NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ media to assess the function of NRT1.1 in NH₄⁺ stress responses. All the plants grew normally in medium containing mixed nitrogen sources, but Col-0 displayed more chlorosis and lower biomass and photosynthesis than the NRT1.1 mutants in (NH₄)₂SO₄ medium. Grafting experiments between Col-0 and chl1-5 further confirmed that NH₄⁺ toxicity is influenced by NRT1.1. In (NH₄)₂SO₄ medium, NRT1.1 induced the expression of NH₄⁺ transporters, increasing NH₄⁺ uptake. Additionally, the activities of glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthetase in roots of Col-0 plants decreased and soluble sugar accumulated significantly, whereas pyruvate kinase-mediated glycolysis was not affected, all of which contributed to NH₄⁺ accumulation. By contrast, the NRT1.1 mutants showed reduced NH₄⁺ accumulation and enhanced NH₄⁺ assimilation through glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthetase, and glutamate dehydrogenase. Moreover, the up-regulation of genes involved in ethylene synthesis and senescence in Col-0 plants treated with (NH₄)₂SO₄ suggests that ethylene is involved in NH₄⁺ toxicity responses. This study showed that NH₄⁺ toxicity is related to a nitrate-independent signaling function of NRT1.1 in Arabidopsis, characterized by enhanced NH₄⁺ accumulation and altered NH₄⁺ metabolism, which stimulates ethylene synthesis, leading to plant senescence.
Journal Article
What’s next for Registered Reports?
Reviewing and accepting study plans before results are known can counter perverse incentives. Chris Chambers sets out three ways to improve the approach.
Reviewing and accepting study plans before results are known can counter perverse incentives. Chris Chambers sets out three ways to improve the approach.
Journal Article
Fern Stomatal Responses to ABA and CO₂ Depend on Species and Growth Conditions
Changing atmospheric CO₂ levels, climate, and air humidity affect plant gas exchange that is controlled by stomata, small pores on plant leaves and stems formed by guard cells. Evolution has shaped the morphology and regulatory mechanisms governing stomatal movements to correspond to the needs of various land plant groups over the past 400 million years. Stomata close in response to the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA), elevated CO₂ concentration, and reduced air humidity. Whether the active regulatory mechanisms that control stomatal closure in response to these stimuli are present already in mosses, the oldest plant group with stomata, or were acquired more recently in angiosperms remains controversial. It has been suggested that the stomata of the basal vascular plants, such as ferns and lycophytes, close solely hydropassively. On the other hand, active stomatal closure in response to ABA and CO₂ was found in several moss, lycophyte, and fern species. Here, we show that the stomata of two temperate fern species respond to ABA and CO₂ and that an active mechanism of stomatal regulation in response to reduced air humidity is present in some ferns. Importantly, fern stomatal responses depend on growth conditions. The data indicate that the stomatal behavior of ferns is more complex than anticipated before, and active stomatal regulation is present in some ferns and has possibly been lost in others. Further analysis that takes into account fern species, life history, evolutionary age, and growth conditions is required to gain insight into the evolution of land plant stomatal responses.
Journal Article