Explore the vast range of titles available.

The origins of anthropology lie in expeditionary journeys. But since the rise of immersive fieldwork, usually by a sole investigator, the older tradition of team-based social research has been largely eclipsed. Expeditionary Anthropology argues that expeditions have much to tell us about anthropologists and the people they studied. The book charts the diversity of anthropological expeditions and analyses the often passionate arguments they provoked. Drawing on recent developments in gender studies, indigenous studies and the history of science, the book argues that even today, the 'science of man' is deeply inscribed by its connections with expeditionary travel.

The assembly and analysis of complete genomes and large genomic fragments have tripled the number of known ocean viruses and uncovered the potentially important roles they play in nitrogen and sulfur cycling. Viral diversity in the oceans Ocean viruses profoundly impact microbial community composition and metabolic activity in the oceans, thereby affecting global-scale biogeochemical cycling. Owing to sampling and cultivation challenges, viral diversity remains poorly described at the genome level, such that less than one per cent of observed surface-ocean viruses are 'known'. Information on viruses of the deep ocean is particularly scarce. Here, Matthew Sullivan and colleagues report the assembly of complete genomes and large genomic fragments from both surface- and deep-ocean viruses sampled during the Tara Oceans and Malaspina research expeditions. The resulting Global Oceans Viromes dataset roughly triples known ocean viral populations and doubles known candidate bacterial and archaeal viral genera. Using this global map, the study predicts viral hosts and identifies viral auxiliary metabolic genes, most of which were previously unknown. Ocean microbes drive biogeochemical cycling on a global scale 1 . However, this cycling is constrained by viruses that affect community composition, metabolic activity, and evolutionary trajectories 2 , 3 . Owing to challenges with the sampling and cultivation of viruses, genome-level viral diversity remains poorly described and grossly understudied, with less than 1% of observed surface-ocean viruses known 4 . Here we assemble complete genomes and large genomic fragments from both surface- and deep-ocean viruses sampled during the Tara Oceans and Malaspina research expeditions 5 , 6 , and analyse the resulting ‘global ocean virome’ dataset to present a global map of abundant, double-stranded DNA viruses complete with genomic and ecological contexts. A total of 15,222 epipelagic and mesopelagic viral populations were identified, comprising 867 viral clusters (defined as approximately genus-level groups 7 , 8 ). This roughly triples the number of known ocean viral populations 4 and doubles the number of candidate bacterial and archaeal virus genera 8 , providing a near-complete sampling of epipelagic communities at both the population and viral-cluster level. We found that 38 of the 867 viral clusters were locally or globally abundant, together accounting for nearly half of the viral populations in any global ocean virome sample. While two-thirds of these clusters represent newly described viruses lacking any cultivated representative, most could be computationally linked to dominant, ecologically relevant microbial hosts. Moreover, we identified 243 viral-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes, of which only 95 were previously known. Deeper analyses of four of these auxiliary metabolic genes ( dsrC , soxYZ , P-II (also known as glnB ) and amoC ) revealed that abundant viruses may directly manipulate sulfur and nitrogen cycling throughout the epipelagic ocean. This viral catalog and functional analyses provide a necessary foundation for the meaningful integration of viruses into ecosystem models where they act as key players in nutrient cycling and trophic networks.

For more than fifty years, Halley Research Station-located on the Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica's Weddell Sea-has collected a continuous stream of meteorological and atmospheric data critical to our understanding of polar atmospheric chemistry, rising sea levels, and the depletion of the ozone layer. Since the station's establishment in 1956, there have been six Halley stations, each designed to withstand the difficult climatic conditions. The first four stations were crushed by snow. The fifth featured a steel platform, allowing it to rise above snow cover, but it, too, had to be abandoned when it moved too far from the mainland, making it precarious. Commissioned by British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and completed in 2012, Halley VI is the winning design from a competition in collaboration with the Royal Institute of British Architects. Designed by London-based Hugh Broughton Architects and AECOM, a US-based architecture and engineering firm, the structure cannot just rise to avoid being engulfed by accumulating snow, but it is also the first research station able to be fully relocatable, its eight modules situated atop ski-fitted hydraulic legs. This book tells the story of this iconic piece of architecture's design and creation, supplemented with many illustrations, including plans and previously unpublished photographs.

The location and origin of Neoproterozoic‐Cambrian sutures provide keys to understand the formation and evolution of the supercontinent Gondwana. The Larsemann Hills is located near a major Neoproterozoic‐Cambrian suture zone in the Prydz Belt, but has not been examined locally by comprehensive geophysical studies. In this study, we analyzed data collected from a one‐dimensional (1D) joint seismic‐MT array deployed during the 36th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. We found that a sharp Moho discontinuity offset of 6–8 km shows up in the stacked image of teleseismic P‐wave receiver function analysis; coinciding with the abrupt Moho offset, a near‐vertical channel with (a) low resistivity extending to the uppermost mantle depths, and (b) high crustal Poisson's ratio in the crust is identified. These findings provide evidence for the determination of the location and collisional nature of the Prydz belt or a portion of it. Plain Language Summary Our study seeks to unravel the history of a supercontinent called Gondwana. We do this by exploring ancient geological features known as sutures. These sutures are like stitches that hold the Earth's crust together, and they're crucial in understanding how continents were once connected. We specifically focused on a place in Antarctica called the Larsemann Hills, which is located near an important suture zone. This region hasn't received much attention from scientists until now. During the 36th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition, we made some exciting discoveries. We found a clear boundary in the Earth's crust, a bit like a seam in a piece of clothing. At the same time, we noticed a unique underground pathway. This pathway had special properties, suggesting that it reaches deep into the Earth's mantle. It's a bit like finding a hidden treasure beneath the Earth's surface. Our findings strongly suggest a connection between these underground discoveries and the ancient sutures in the Earth's crust. In other words, we're piecing together a puzzle that can help us learn more about the Earth's past and how continents have moved over millions of years. Key Points A distinct Moho discontinuity offset of 6–8 km is found in the stacked image obtained from P‐wave receiver function In conjunction with the abrupt Moho offset, a nearly vertical conduit with low resistivity and high Poisson's ratio is identified These geophysical results provide crucial evidence for determining the collisional nature and location of the Prydz orogenic belt

On the basis of the CTD data obtained within the Bering Sea shelf by the Second to Sixth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in the summers of 2003, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, the classification and interannual variation of water masses on the central Bering Sea shelf and the northern Bering Sea shelf are analyzed. The results indicate that there are both connection and difference between two regions in hydrological features. On the central Bering Sea shelf, there are mainly four types of water masses distribute orderly from the slope to the coast of Alaska： Bering Slope Current Water（BSCW）, MW（Mixed Water）, Bering Shelf Water（BSW） and Alaska Coastal Water（ACW）. In summer, BSW can be divided into Bering Shelf Surface Water（BSW_S） and Bering Shelf Cold Water（BSW_C）. On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait,it contains Anadyr Water（AW）, BSW and ACW from west to east. But the spatial-temporal features are also remarkable in each region. On the central shelf, the BSCW is saltiest and occupies the west of 177°W, which has the highest salinity in 2014. The BSW_C is the coldest water mass and warmest in 2014; the ACW is freshest and mainly occupies the east of 170°W, which has the highest temperature and salinity in 2012. On the northern Bering Sea shelf near the Bering Strait, the AW is saltiest with temperature decreasing sharply compared with BSCW on the central shelf. In the process of moving northward to the Bering Strait, the AW demonstrates a trend of eastward expansion. The ACW is freshest but saltier than the ACW on the central shelf,which is usually located above the BSW and is saltiest in 2014. The BSW distributes between the AW and the ACW and coldest in 2012, but the cold water of the BSW_C on the central shelf, whose temperature less than 0°C, does not exist on the northern shelf. Although there are so many changes, the respond to a climate change is synchronized in the both regions, which can be divided into the warm years（2003 and 2014） and cold years（2008, 2010 and 2012）. The year of 2014 may be a new beginning of warm period.

Antarctica is the only continent without permanent human habitation, yet it may hold the key to our survival. Meduna shows how geologists and glaciologists learn about the implications of today's climate change for the future; how scientists study migration patterns of emperor penguins or examine the microbial evidence that may reveal how life evolved on Earth-- and what it may look like on other planets-- Source other than Library of Congress.

In 1981, the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research endorsed a program for ship-based collection of Antarctic iceberg data, to be coordinated by the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI). From the austral summers 1982/1983 to 1997/1998, icebergs were recorded from most, and up to 2009/10 by fewer research vessels. The NPI database makes up 80% of the SCAR International Iceberg Database presented here, the remainder being Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition observations. The database contains positions of 374 142 icebergs resulting from 34 662 observations. Within these, 298 235 icebergs are classified into different size categories. The ship-based data are particularly useful because they include systematic observations of smaller icebergs not covered by current satellite-based datasets. Here, we assess regional and seasonal variations in iceberg density and total quantities, we identify drift patterns and exit zones from the continent, and we discuss iceberg dissolution rates and calving rates. There are significant differences in the extent of icebergs observed over the 30 plus years of observations, but much of these can be ascribed to differences in observation density and location. In the summer, Antarctic icebergs >10 m in length number ~130 000 of which 1000 are found north of the Southern Ocean boundary.

Under‐ice phytoplankton “blooms” have been observed in the Southern Ocean, although irradiance is extremely low and vertical mixing is assumed to be deep. Most under‐ice data have been collected using Argo floats, as research expeditions during austral fall and winter are limited. Hydrographic measurements under dense ice cover indicate that vertical mixing in weakly stratified systems may be less than previously suggested, and that the accepted determinations of mixed layer depths are inappropriate in regions with extremely weak stratification, such as those under ice. Vertical gradients in density suggest that mixed layers in the Ross Sea in early October are not extremely deep; furthermore, while phytoplankton biomass is low, it has begun to accumulate under ice. Growth rates indicate that phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea begins in early September. Extending the period of growth may have substantial impacts on carbon biogeochemistry and food web energetics in ice‐covered waters. Plain Language Summary Data from profiling floats under Southern Ocean ice indicate that some growth of plankton occurs there, even though available irradiance is extremely low and vertical mixing is deep. Few research expeditions during austral fall and winter occur due to the difficulty of sampling and penetrating deep into ice. Estimates of vertical mixing in October from the Ross Sea suggest that the accepted criterion of mixed layer depths are inappropriate in regions with extremely weak stratification, such as those under ice. Mixed layers in the Ross Sea in early October are not extremely deep; furthermore, while phytoplankton biomass is low, it has begun to accumulate under ice. Growth rates indicate that the onset of phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea likely occurs by early September, soon after positive irradiance occurs. Extending the period of growth may have substantial impacts on carbon biogeochemistry and food web energetics in ice‐covered waters. Key Points Mixed layer depths under extremely weak vertical stratification (like under ice) are overestimated using conventional criteria Phytoplankton growth in the Ross Sea is initiated soon after the start of solar day, far earlier than has been previously suggested Early spring growth can potentially alter our views of Southern Ocean carbon biogeochemistry and food web phenology