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Basic and advanced statistical tests : writing results sections and creating tables and figures
\"This book focuses on extraction of pertinent information from statistical test outputs, in order to write result sections and/or accompanying tables and/or figures. Each chapter provides the name of a basic or advanced statistical test, a brief description, examples of when to use each, a sample scenario, and a sample results section write-up. Depending on the test and need, most chapters provide a table and/or figure to accompany the write-up.\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
Potential Risk Factors for Aggression and Playfulness in Cats: Examination of a Pooling Fallacy Using Fe-BARQ as an Example
Using a popular method of behaviour evaluation which rates the intensity of behaviour in different contexts, we demonstrate how pooling item scores relating to a given construct can reveal different potential risk factors for the dependent variable depending on how the total score is constructed. We highlight how similar simple total scores can be constructed through very different combinations of constituent items. We argue for the importance of examining individual item score distributions, and the results from different intensity thresholds before deciding on the preferred method for calculating a meaningful dependent variable. We consider simply pooling individual item scores which conflate context with intensity to calculate an average score and assuming this represents a biologically meaningful measure of trait intensity is a fallacy. Specifically using four items that describe intercat aggression and eleven that describe playfulness in cats in Fe-BARQ, we found sex and neuter status, social play and fearfulness were consistently significant predictors for intercat aggression scores; and age, age when obtained, social play and fearfulness were significant predictors of playfulness scores. However, the significance of other factors such as scratching varied with the threshold used to calculate to the total score. We argue that some of these inconsistent variables may be biologically and clinically important and should not be considered random error. Instead they need to be evaluated in the context of other available evidence.
Journal Article
Sample size calculation: Basic principles
Addressing a sample size is a practical issue that has to be solved during planning and designing stage of the study. The aim of any clinical research is to detect the actual difference between two groups (power) and to provide an estimate of the difference with a reasonable accuracy (precision). Hence, researchers should do a priori estimate of sample size well ahead, before conducting the study. Post hoc sample size computation is not encouraged conventionally. Adequate sample size minimizes the random error or in other words, lessens something happening by chance. Too small a sample may fail to answer the research question and can be of questionable validity or provide an imprecise answer while too large a sample may answer the question but is resource-intensive and also may be unethical. More transparency in the calculation of sample size is required so that it can be justified and replicated while reporting.
Journal Article
Analysis of the Construction of Resilient Governance System for Public Safety in Urban Communities in Jiangsu--Based on the Perspective of Adaptive Loop Modeling
As urbanization and informatization progress, human societies increasingly face unforeseeable public safety risks, necessitating a comprehensive governance system for early risk prevention. This paper introduces a model for community public safety resilience governance grounded in the adaptive cycle model and formulates research hypotheses. We derive a mathematical formula for calculating the safety disaster risk value using risk management theory, which aids in determining the resilience value and risk level of communities. The proposed governance model assesses community resilience through a four-faceted approach that encompasses natural disasters, accidents, public health events, and social security incidents. The public safety resilience of Community L in N city, Jiangsu Province, was evaluated using this model. Furthermore, it was determined that urban communities in NJ City, WX City, and XZ City had resilience governance scores of 77.655, 73.18, and 73.475, with scores exceeding 70 points. An analysis of 16 subject cities revealed that only five are currently in the renewal stage, representing an optimal state of high resilience and low risk. The remaining 11 cities face varying degrees of challenges. To prevent systemic decay, it is crucial to implement customized public safety governance strategies for different urban types.
Journal Article
Exploring the application and value of martial arts in modern society by combining double difference models
Properly acknowledging the application and value of modern Chinese wushu is essential for its ongoing survival and development and plays a pivotal role in shaping its future direction. This analysis delves into the application value of wushu within contemporary society, leveraging its unique characteristics and advantages. Specifically, the exploration is structured around four principal domains: competitive sport, tourism, technical labor, and martial arts training. These dimensions collectively underscore the multifaceted impact and significance of wushu in the modern era. Then, based on relevant theories, research hypotheses, and research variables are determined, a double difference model oriented to the socio-economic value of wushu is constructed, and the value of wushu is analyzed with the support of the model by combining relevant research data. The conclusion presents that the panel data of FDI, Service, and Urban are smooth at a 1% level, while the panel data of GDP and Events are smooth at a 5% level. The p-values of model (1) and model (2) are 0.206 and 0.388, respectively, which indicates that martial arts have a certain promotion effect on the development of the local economy.
Journal Article
Misalignment Between Research Hypotheses and Statistical Hypotheses: A Threat to Evidence-Based Medicine?
Evidence-based medicine frequently uses statistical hypothesis testing. In this paradigm, data can only disconfirm a research hypothesis’ competitors: One tests the negation of a statistical hypothesis that is supposed to correspond to the research hypothesis. In practice, these hypotheses are often misaligned. For instance, directional research hypotheses are often paired with non-directional statistical hypotheses. Prima facie, one cannot gain proper evidence for one’s research hypothesis employing a misaligned statistical hypothesis. This paper sheds lights on the nature of and the reasons for such misalignments and it provides a thorough analysis of whether they pose a threat to evidence-based medicine. The upshots are that the misalignments are often hidden for clinicians and that although some cases of misalignments can be partially counterbalanced, the overall threat is non-negligible. The counterbalances either lead to methodological inadequacy (in addition to the misalignment), loss of statistical power, or involve a (potential) lack of information that could be crucial for decision making. This result casts doubt on various findings of medical studies in addition to issues associated with under-powered studies or the replication crisis.
Journal Article
Theories and Major Hypotheses in Ethnobotany
Ethnobotany has evolved from a discipline that largely documented the diversity of plant use by local people to one focused on understanding how and why people select plants for a wide range of uses. This progress has been in response to a repeated call for theory-inspired and hypothesisdriven research to improve the rigor of the discipline. Despite improvements, recent ethnobotanical research has overemphasized the use of quantitative ethnobotany indices and statistical methods borrowed from ecology, yet underemphasized the development and integration of a strong theoretical foundation. To advance the field of ethnobotany as a hypothesis-driven, theoretically inspired discipline, it is important to first synthesize the existing theoretical lines of research. We review and discuss 17 major theories and hypotheses in ethnobotany that can be used as a starting point for developing research questions that advance our understanding of people-plant interactions. For each theory or major hypothesis, we identify its primary predictions and testable hypotheses and then discuss how these predictions have been tested. Developing research to test these predictions will make significant contributions to the field of ethnobotany and create the critical mass of primary literature necessary to develop meta-analyses and to advance new theories in ethnobotany.
Journal Article
Research on the Relevance of Accounting Information Transparency and Enterprise Value in the Internet Financial Environment
China’s securities market has made remarkable achievements after more than 20 years of development. The issue of accounting information transparency has become more prominent. Based on the impact of Internet financial technology on accounting practice, this paper explores the correlation between managerial characteristics and accounting information transparency on enterprise value through research hypotheses. The metric model of enterprise investment value and accounting information transparency is constructed, and the hypotheses proposed in this paper are verified by means of multiple regression analysis. The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the regression coefficient of the effect of manager’s age on enterprise value was 0.1687, and the P value was <0.01, which indicated that older managers had a positive effect on enterprise value, and hypothesis 1 was confirmed. In the sensitivity analysis, the surplus management variable and the cross-term between surplus management and transparency of accounting information have a strong correlation. The parameter estimates are 0.089 and 5.365, respectively. Both of them show a significant positive correlation at a 1% level. The results pass the sensitivity test, which indicates that the regression results are robust and that there is a positive correlation between the transparency of accounting information and the value of the enterprise.
Journal Article
Research on Enterprise Financial Management Strategy and Framework for Digital Transformation
In the wave of the information age, enterprises must undergo digital transformation in order to respond to and implement the national development strategy and improve their core competitiveness. This paper constructs a strategic framework for enterprise financial management in digital transformation and evaluates the effects of digital transformation on profitability levels and operating costs. A theoretical model is created for the impact of digital transformation on enterprise financial management; research hypotheses are proposed, research variables are established, and research hypotheses are tested for authenticity. After the implementation of digital transformation, the subject enterprise M Group has not maintained its net profit growth for a long time. However, it has been on an upward trend from 2014 to 2016. The growth rate of net profit is expected to be within 20% from 2017 to 2023, with room for further development. In the benchmark regression of the model, it was found that there is a significant positive correlation between the index of financial digital transformation and the financial performance of businesses, with a coefficient of 0.0154 at the 5% level. This means that the more businesses digitize their finances, the better their financial performance.
Journal Article
Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Mental Health Field of Innovation and Entrepreneurship and Empirical Research
This paper proposes the use of regression model to establish a multiple regression model for regression analysis using the frequency of use and the function of use of artificial intelligence technology as the independent variables, and emotion, cognition, values, and behavioral intention in the field of mental health as the dependent variables, respectively. Examine the impact of the use of artificial intelligence technology on the psychological well-being of innovative entrepreneurs. Separately, the survey samples were tested on the mental health status of innovation and entrepreneurship, including SAS/SDS/SCL-90.Based on the results of the survey on the mental health of innovation and entrepreneurship students in colleges and universities, regression tests were carried out to verify the research hypotheses. The regression model of the use behavior of AI technology on the mood, cognition, values, and behavioral intention of innovative entrepreneurship students fits well, in which the regression analysis model of the use behavior of AI technology on behavioral intention is significant and does not have the problem of covariance, with a value of
of 0.234. The value of
of model 3 improves by 3.6% after the addition of the independent variable, which can indicate that model 3 is more explanatory of the behavioral intention. H1 and H2 hypotheses are valid. And it indicates that the motivation to use AI technology significantly affects the user’s behavior positively. And the frequency of use and the function of the use in the use behavior will have a significant positive impact on social emotion, social cognition, social values, and behavioral intention.
Journal Article