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"Resettlement"
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The Polish Resettlement Corps 1946 to 1949 : Britain's Polish forces
At the end of the Second World War, the Polish Allied Forces under British Command refused to stand down when America, the Soviet Union and Britain decided that Poland would be part of Russia's new sphere of interest in Europe. This defiant gesture became known as the 'Polish problem' and was extremely symbolic, for it threatened to embarrass Britain's entry into the War on behalf of Polish independence. To resolve the issue Britain established the Polish Resettlement Corps, under the country's first ever mass immigration legislation. The initiative was just as much a face saving exercise, as it was a noble act of one ally on behalf of another.
Book
Defying Displacement
The uprooting and displacement of people has long been among the hardships associated with development and modernity. Indeed, the circulation of commodities, currency, and labor in modern society necessitates both social and spatial mobility. However, the displacement and resettlement of millions of people each year by large-scale infrastructural projects raises serious questions about the democratic character of the development process. Although designed to spur economic growth, many of these projects leave local people struggling against serious impoverishment and gross violations of human rights. Working from a political-ecological perspective, Anthony Oliver-Smith offers the first book to document the fight against involuntary displacement and resettlement being waged by people and communities around the world. Increasingly over the last twenty-five years, the voices of people at the grass roots are being heard. People from many societies and cultures are taking action against development-forced displacement and resettlement (DFDR) and articulating alternatives. Taking the promise of democracy seriously, they are fighting not only for their place in the world, but also for their place at the negotiating table, where decisions affecting their well-being are made.
eBook
Fortification-spatial framework of the great Silk road Misimian branch
This article is devoted to the Great Silk Road as one of the branches fortification-spatial framework reconstruction which passed across the territory of the North Caucasus in the Mismian direction. As an initial condition for identifying the Great Silk Road Misimian branch fortification-spatial framework, the trade routes scheme having an archaeological rationale, derived by V.A. Kuznetsov. As a result of the study, a spatial-spatial pattern of resettlement in this Great Silk Road segment was revealed; the Great Silk Road strategically important sections of the Misimian direction were highlighted; the fortified settlements on the Misimian branch Great Silk Road types are identified.
Journal Article
A Study on Updating the Model for Monitoring and Evaluation of Involuntary Resettlement Based on the Experience of China
The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of involuntary resettlement has been implemented for over 30 years since being introduced, achieving significant results in preventing resettlement risks and safeguarding the rights and interests of the persons affected (APs). However, the situation surrounding resettlement has changed significantly over these decades, as the interests of the APs have become more diverse and their social class differentiation has become more pronounced, implying that approaches regarding the governance of resettlement risks must be adjusted. Based on the experience of China, we intend to update the original model for M&E of involuntary resettlement, proposing that the two monitoring systems for risk-susceptible groups and the APs’ development should be set up separately in the monitoring model, and specific monitoring indicators defined within each system. In terms of the evaluation model, we introduce the meta-model of evaluation to strengthen the organic relationship among various evaluation units and enhance the overall capacity of the evaluation. Furthermore, the evaluation should be implemented in general resettlement, risk-susceptible groups resettlement and APs’ development.
Journal Article
The Urban Refugee
The presence of the refugee in the contemporary metropolis is marked by precarity, a quality that has become a characteristic feature of the neoliberal urban milieu. Bringing together essays from diverse disciplines, from architectural history to cultural anthropology and urban planning, this collection sheds light on both the specificities of the contemporary urban condition that affects the refugees and the multi-dimensional impact that the refugees have on the city. The authors propose investigating this connection through three interlinked themes: identity (informality, imagination and belonging); place (transnational homemaking practices); and site (the navigation of urban space).
In recent years, there has been a significant growth in scholarship on forced migration, particularly on the relationship between displacement and the built environment. Scholars have focused on spatial practices and forms that arise under conditions of displacement, with much attention given to refugee camps and the social and political aspects of temporariness. While these issues are important, the essays in this volume aim to contribute to a less explored aspect of displacement, namely the interaction between refugees and the cities they inhabit. In this respect, the volume underlines the specificity of the urban refugee as well as their spatial agency and investigates the irreversible effect they have on the contemporary urban condition.
The authors argue that viewing urban refugees solely as dislocated individuals outside the camp-like spaces of containment fails to understand the agency of the urban refugee and the blurred boundaries of identity that result. The term \"refugee crisis\" objectifies and denies active agency to refugees, homogenizing dislocated individuals and groups. The neoliberalization of the past four decades has led to the precarization of labour and the displacement of refugees, who frequently blend into the urban environment as hidden populations. Refugees are subjected to constant surveillance and the state's attempts to control them. However, these attempts are not uncontested, and the involvement of activist interventions further politicizes the urban refugee.
eBook
Community governance in rural villager resettlement neighborhoods in China: rural-urban divide, civic engagement, and state control
In China, to meet the demand of expansive urbanization, the state expropriates rural land from village collectives and offers resettlement arrangement to landless villagers. The aim of this study is to advance our understanding of the community governance in government-designated resettlement neighborhoods in Chinese cities. By employing participatory observations and key informant interviews with community association staff and resettled villagers in four neighborhoods in Shanghai, this research documents and evaluates an emerging multi-scalar civic coalition formed to maximize the capacity of community governance. The study finds that the new collation is maintained through strategic networks, information exchange, resource sharing, and reciprocal collaborations. Critiques of the regime spotlight its three shortfalls: the conflicts among regime partners which threatens the stability of the coalition; the justice issue behind differentiated standards that creates divides among community members; and the lack of citizen connection and support that questions the resilience of the regime.
Journal Article
Improving refugee integration through data-driven algorithmic assignment
The continuing refugee crisis has made it necessary for governments to find ways to resettle individuals and families in host communities. Bansak
et al.
used a machine learning approach to develop an algorithm for geographically placing refugees to optimize their overall employment rate. The authors developed and tested the algorithm on segments of registry data from the United States and Switzerland. The algorithm improved the employment prospects of refugees in the United States by ∼40% and in Switzerland by ∼75%.
Science
, this issue p.
325
A machine learning–based algorithm for assigning refugees can improve their employment prospects over current approaches.
Developed democracies are settling an increased number of refugees, many of whom face challenges integrating into host societies. We developed a flexible data-driven algorithm that assigns refugees across resettlement locations to improve integration outcomes. The algorithm uses a combination of supervised machine learning and optimal matching to discover and leverage synergies between refugee characteristics and resettlement sites. The algorithm was tested on historical registry data from two countries with different assignment regimes and refugee populations, the United States and Switzerland. Our approach led to gains of roughly 40 to 70%, on average, in refugees’ employment outcomes relative to current assignment practices. This approach can provide governments with a practical and cost-efficient policy tool that can be immediately implemented within existing institutional structures.
Journal Article
Destroy Them Gradually
Perpetrators of mass atrocities have used displacement to transport victims to killing sites or extermination camps to transfer victims to sites of forced labor and attrition, to ethnically homogenize regions by moving victims out of their homes and lands, and to destroy populations by depriving them of vital daily needs. Displacement has been treated as a corollary practice to crimes committed, not a central aspect of their perpetration. Destroying Them Gradually examines four cases that illuminate why perpetrators have destroyed populations using displacement policies: Germany's genocide of the Herero (1904-1908); Ottoman genocides of Christian minorities (1914-1925); expulsions of Germans from East/Central Europe (1943-1952); and climate violence (twenty-first century). Because displacement has been typically framed as a secondary aspect of mass atrocities, existing scholarship overlooks how perpetrators use it as a means of executing destruction rather than a vehicle for moving people to a specific location to commit atrocities.
eBook
Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil War
\"Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil Waroffers novel and important research on how and why violence is deployed during civil wars.\"-Winifred Tate, author ofDrugs, Thugs and Diplomats
\"Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil Warhas all of the hallmarks of a classic work on forced migration and Colombian politics. It is a pleasure to read, well argued, and carefully researched.\"-Idean Salehyan, author ofRebels without Borders
Democracy and Displacement in Colombia's Civil Waris one of few books available in English to provide an overview of the Colombian civil war and drug war. Abbey Steele draws on her own original field research as well as on Colombian scholars' work in Spanish to provide an expansive view of the country's political conflicts. Steele shows how political reforms in the context of Colombia's ongoing civil war produced unexpected, dramatic consequences: democratic elections revealed Colombian citizens' political loyalties and allowed counterinsurgent armed groups to implement political cleansing against civilians perceived as loyal to insurgents.
Combining evidence collected from remote archives, more than two hundred interviews, and quantitative data from the government's displacement registry, Steele connects Colombia's political development and the course of its civil war to purposeful displacement. By introducing the concepts of collective targeting and political cleansing, Steele extends what we already know about patterns of ethnic cleansing to cases where expulsion of civilians from their communities is based on nonethnic traits.
eBook