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Study of the relation between urban density and social equity has been based mostly upon comparative analysis at the city level. It therefore fails to address variations in intra-urban experience and sheds no light on the process of urban densification. Incremental residential development is particularly poorly recorded and under-researched, yet cumulatively it makes a substantial contribution to the supply of dwellings. The article presents a detailed examination of this form of development in England between 2001 and 2011, and considers its impact on urban spatial justice. We find that the incidence of soft residential densification was very uneven. It had disproportionately large effects on neighbourhoods that were already densely developed and that were characterised by lower income households with access to relatively little residential space. It thus contributed to an increase in the level of inequality in the distribution of residential space, increasing socio-spatial injustice. 对城市密集度和社会公平之间关系的研究主要基于城市一级的比较分析。因此，它未能解决城市内部体验的差异，也未能揭示城市密集化的过程。对增量住宅开发的记录特别差，研究也不够，但累积起来，它为住宅供应做出了巨大贡献。本文详细考察了2001年至2011年间英国的这种发展形式，并考虑了其对城市空间公平的影响。我们发现软性住宅密集化的发生非常不均匀。它对已经很密集的街区产生了不成比例的巨大影响，这些街区的特点是低收入家庭只能获得相对较少的居住空间。因此，它加剧了居住空间分配的不平等，加剧了社会空间的不公正。

This article focuses on the issue of the urban development of cities and their residential development from the perspective of spatial planning. Spatial planning fundamentally determines what kind of construction is feasible in cities. However, spatial plans often do not consider spatial limits, which often go against the proposed ways of using the given sites, or make their use fundamentally difficult, for example, by disproportionately increasing of the costs of residential construction, when it is necessary to remediate old burdens in the defined locality. The subject of the presented research was to examine the possibility of establishing an Index of Residential Development (IoRD), which evaluates the possibilities of residential development in the territory of urban agglomerations. The aim of the research, in the form of establishing of an Index of Residential Development (IoRD), was to assess how it is possible to consider spatial limits associated with residential construction in urban intravilanes in order to identify the objectives of further spatial development planned by cities. Subsequently, the partial aim of the research was also to create a usable tool for support in the decision making of development organizations on the location of their project in a given space. Based on the results of the research, it was deduced that the limits associated with the residential development in intravilanes based on the IoRD could be considered. Clear links were also shown between the limits in the territory and the impaired possibility of construction in cities with zoning plans, which did not respond to the limits in the territory by adding other design zones, or completely ignored them. Although the methodology for determining of the Index of Residential Development (IoRD) was verified due to the availability of data in the case study carried out in the Czech Republic city of Brno, the methodology is applicable to any urban agglomeration even outside the Czech Republic when fulfilling the conditions defined in the article.

Problem statement. The aim of the study is to reveal new urban planning possibilities in applying the three-beam architectural and planning structure under the changed sanitary regulations and standards (SanPiN 2017) in the central and southern zones of insolation in the Russian Federation. Results. The main results of the study consist in the development of proposals for the central and southern zones of insolation in the Russian Federation, which allow achieving the maximum normative indicators of the building area density. Conclusion. The significance of the results obtained for architecture is the geographical boundaries defined by the authors for the use of residential three-beam space-planning structure in modern conditions of housing development. The research is based on the analysis of urban planning indicators, including renovation of existing building area, and the typology on the basis of the rotation angles of the three sectors in different azimuth directions.

Exclusive residential developments have drawn growing attention in South African cities, where urbanisation and socioeconomic disparities continue to reshape the built environment. This study examines the underlying drivers of their proliferation and presents a taxonomy of the key forces influencing their growth. The aim is to present results of a study that sought to examine the driving forces behind the growth of exclusive residential developments. Drawing from a literature review and a quantitative inquiry approach, primary data was also collected from 109 built environment professionals. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods, particularly exploratory factor analysis (EFA), were employed to enhance the analysis. The descriptive assessment, utilising the mean score (MS) ranking technique, revealed that one of the primary factors influencing the development of exclusive residential communities was the perception among prospective residents that these environments offer enhanced safety and security. Additionally, there is a good chance that these developments may increase in value. Furthermore, the EFA revealed that the underlying grouped factors for exclusive development were ‘free market capitalism’; ‘safety and security’; ‘local demand’; ‘public–private partnership (PPP)’; ‘affordability’; and ‘profit seeking’. These findings suggest that if housing costs rise, the average citizen may not be able to afford them due to the emphasis on maximising profits over affordability. Safety and security precautions can create a sense of exclusivity and seclusion in these communities, possibly cutting them off from the larger local community and affecting local demand for goods and services outside the community’s borders.

In the age of globalisation and continuous urbanisation, architects have a greater responsibility to design residential buildings with comfortable and sustainable environments. However, sustainable solutions should not concern themselves only with utilising technology, but also with creating synergies amongst a community’s social, cultural, historical, and environmental aspects. This research focuses on the implications of this wider definition of sustainability within the hot-arid climates of the Middle East and North Africa. Most of the current high-rise residential buildings in these regions do not promote social cohesion as they have been constructed without consideration for local identity and lifestyle. In contrast, vernacular courtyard dwellings and neighbourhoods offer good examples of socially cohesive and healthy environments. Yet, vernacular houses might not be compatible with pressures of modern construction. The question then becomes how to maintain the relationship between the spatial, social and environmental aspects while employing the latest technologies and materials. This paper presents the different qualities of vernacular houses and neighbourhoods in the different regions of the Middle East and North Africa. Social and spatial relationships of different cases are assessed, through a typological analysis approach using a developed syntactic-geometric model, to trace the lifestyle and the cultural values of the society. The aim is a parametric exploration of appropriate sustainable solutions that facilitate the synergy of socio-climatic requirements, the well-being qualities of the residents, and the specifics of culture, time and people while designing sustainable high-rise developments.

Abstract Preferred fuel treatment strategies (FTSs) were determined for two public forests in Flathead County, Montana, for the period 2010–59 using a multiple-objective evaluation method that accounts for future residential development in the WUI and climate change. Three fuel management objectives were used to evaluate and rank FTSs: minimizing monetary residential losses due to wildfire, minimizing deviation from historical forest ecological conditions, and maximizing net revenue from timber harvesting associated with fuel treatment. Preferred FTSs varied across planning periods for both forests. For the Flathead National Forest, managed by the US Forest Service, there was a unique preferred FTS for each subperiod. For the forest managed by the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation, two spatially prioritized FTSs were equally preferred in period 1, one spatially prioritized FTS was preferred in subperiod 2, no spatially prioritized FTS was preferred in periods 3 and 4, and the three FTSs were equally preferred in period 5. Results suggest that evaluating FTSs for a forest on the basis of a single management objective could give misleading results about the most preferred FTS and that targeting fuel treatments based on spatial priorities may not be superior to random allocation of fuel treatments to eligible stands.

This study analyzes the effect of green characteristics on sales of unsold housing stock, using a multilevel growth model, in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea from 2012 to 2018. The green characteristics we estimated are external factors such as the proximity to urban parks and mountain trails located outside the housing complex and internal factors such as whether the area of communal open space within the complex exceeds a certain percentage. The results suggest that potential home-buyers are interested in green space inside rather than outside a housing complex in a suburban setting. Housing complexes with large enough communal open spaces had a 0.094 higher unsold unit ratio than complexes with small communal open spaces, but the surplus decreased more rapidly; the ratio declines by 0.028 per time unit. On the other hand, the results show no statistically significant effects of the distance to external green areas. This might be due to that public urban parks might not be an attraction to residents when forests and/or agricultural fields are in close proximity. The findings of this research will be utilized by construction companies and public institutions holding unsold units in improving their sales performance, not only in South Korea but also in other Asian regions showing a similar housing development pattern.

South Africa is challenged with an increased backlog of adequate subsidised affordable housing for the marginalised in well-located areas that provide access to urban amenities and places of employment. However, the perception of subsidised affordable housing developments built in the urban core in close proximity to bonded properties is significantly negative. This article seeks to address whether the presence of subsidised affordable housing provided through South Africa’s Integrated Residential  Develop-ment Programme (IRDP) impacts on the property value of bonded properties located nearby. This article examines the impact of the subsidised affordable housing development of Fleurhof, Johannesburg, on surrounding property values. It investigates, in particular, whether the IRDP housing development decreases property values. Using hedonic pricing models (HPM) with regressions, the housing attributes (characteristics) and property price data, dating from 2001 to 2017, were used to determine the effect on the value of properties in the suburbs of Meadowlands East Zone 1 and Orlando West in Soweto and Florida in Roodepoort, as the two closest residential communities to Fleurhof. The article reveals that the close proximity of the housing development in the initial stages (2001-2010) of the development affected property values negatively. However, in the long run, the housing development does not affect property values.

These days have seen the rise of open building theory through the development of SI housing system in China and Japan, as one of the strategies of long-life housing. In SI housing system, although the concept of levels has been well applied, and the resident decision are being considered before and after occupancy, some of the plans and designs don’t really meet resident requirements and likes, especially in China. As a result, some of the designs are not that effective as expected. There is no doubt that the open building theory is one of the good strategies towards long-life housing though, the realizing methods should be reconsidered, in order to meet the residents’ needs better. As the local regulation, culture, society, etc. are greatly distinguished in China and Japan, the development histories of long-life housing and open building theory in China and Japan and the differences between them should be firstly investigated. In this article, the development histories of long-life housing and open building theory in China and Japan are introduced and compared, and that different social background influenced their development process and industrial models is confirmed. Besides, the supply method and plan differences of open building housing of two countries are compared and analysed. As a result, it is shown that different social backgrounds have an impact on the development of SI housing, that in Japan the SI structure system has been formed, while China has developed the SI supply system.

In China, the population is rapidly ageing and the capacity of the system that cares for older people is increasingly a concern. In this Review, we provide a profile of the long-term care system and policy landscape in China. The long-term care system is characterised by rapid growth of the residential care sector, slow development of home and community-based services, and increasing involvement of the private sector. The long-term care workforce shortage and weak quality assurance are concerning. Public long-term care financing is minimal and largely limited to supporting welfare recipients and subsidising the construction of residential care beds and operating costs. China is piloting social insurance long-term care financing models and, concurrently, programmes for integrating health care and long-term care services in selected settings across the country; the effectiveness and sustainability of these pilots remain to be seen. Informed by international long-term care experiences, we offer policy recommendations to strengthen the evolving care system for older people in China.