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This paper examines the opportunities for addressing evacuations by leveraging the sharing economy. To support this research, we use a mixed-method approach employing archival research of sharing economy actions, 24 high-ranking expert interviews, and a survey of individuals impacted by Hurricane Irma in 2017 (n = 645). Using these data, we contribute to the literature in four key ways. First, we summarize sharing economy company actions in 30 U.S. disasters. Second, we discuss results from 24 expert interviews on 11 sharing economy benefits (ranging from resource redundancy to positive company press coverage) and 13 limitations (ranging from driver reliability to the digital divide). Experts included six directors/executives of emergency/transportation agencies, two executives of sharing economy companies, and eight senior-level agency leaders. Third, we use these interviews, specifically negative opinions of the sharing economy, to inform our Hurricane Irma survey, which contributes empirical evidence of the feasibility of shared resources. Despite just 1.1% and 5.4% of respondents using transportation network companies (TNCs, also known as ridesourcing and ridehailing) and homesharing respectively during the Irma evacuation, some respondents were extremely willing to offer their own resources including transportation before evacuating (29.1%), transportation while evacuating (23.6%), and shelter for free (19.2%) in a future disaster. We also find spare capacity of private assets exists for future evacuations with just 11.1% and 16% of respondents without spare seatbelts and beds/mattresses, respectively. Finally, we conclude with practice-ready policy recommendations for public agencies to leverage shared resources including: communication partnerships, surge flagging (i.e., identifying and reducing unfair price increases), and community-based sharing systems.

No two nations have exchanged natural resources, produced transborder environmental agreements, or cooperatively altered ecosystems on the same scale as Canada and the United States. Environmental and energy diplomacy have profoundly shaped both countries' economies, politics, and landscapes for over 150 years. Natural Allies looks at the history of US-Canada relations through an environmental lens. From fisheries in the late nineteenth century to oil pipelines in the twenty-first century, Daniel Macfarlane recounts the scores of transborder environmental and energy arrangements made between the two nations. Many became global precedents that influenced international environmental law, governance, and politics, including the Boundary Waters Treaty, the Trail Smelter case, hydroelectric megaprojects, and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreements. In addition to water, fish, wood, minerals, and myriad other resources, Natural Allies details the history of the continental energy relationship - from electricity to uranium to fossil fuels -showing how Canada became vital to American strategic interests and, along with the United States, a major international energy power and petro-state. Environmental and energy relations facilitated the integration and prosperity of Canada and the United States but also made these countries responsible for the current climate crisis and other unsustainable forms of ecological degradation. Looking to the future, Natural Allies argues that the concept of national security must be widened to include natural security - a commitment to public, national, and international safety from environmental harms, especially those caused by human actions.

This study develops and applies a multimodal computable general equilibrium (CGE) framework to investigate the role of resilience in the economic consequences of transportation system failures. Vulnerability and economic resilience of different modes of transportation infrastructure, including air, road, rail, water and local transit, are assessed using a CGE model that incorporates various resilience tactics including modal substitution, trip conservation, excess capacity, relocation/rerouting, and service recapture. The linkages between accessibility, vulnerability, and resilience are analyzed. The model is applied to the transportation system failures in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina to illustrate its capabilities. The analytical framework, however, has broader applications and can provide insights for resource allocations to enhance emergent responses to unexpected events and to improve resilient design of transportation infrastructure systems.

Information is crucial when it comes to the management of resources. But what if knowledge is incomplete, or biased, or otherwise deficient? How did people define patterns of proper use in the absence of cognitive certainty? Discussing this challenge for a diverse set of resources from fish to rubber, these essays show that deficient knowledge is a far more pervasive challenge in resource history than conventional readings suggest. Furthermore, environmental ignorance does not inevitably shrink with the march of scientific progress: these essays suggest more of a dialectical relationship between knowledge and ignorance that has different shapes and trajectories. With its combination of empirical case studies and theoretical reflection, the essays make a significant contribution to the interdisciplinary debate on the production and resilience of ignorance. At the same time, this volume combines insights from different continents as well as the seas in between and thus sketches outlines of an emerging global resource history.

Despite the well-acknowledged benefits of global sourcing (e.g., location specific advantage) in the international business literature, research driven mainly by the transaction cost economics and resource based view has cautioned about its potential negative effects (e.g., hidden costs, hollowing out effect) which might offset its potential gain, leading to a failure to achieve expected outcome and capture the value created in global sourcing activities. We argue that this issue is primarily explained by the misalignment between a firm's global sourcing strategy and value expected from its global sourcing activities. This study examines the role of global sourcing strategy on financial and innovation performance of global sourcing activities. Using a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis on 235 firms engaging in global sourcing of business service activities, we identify configurations of global sourcing strategy--concerning (1) disaggregation, (2) dispersion of activities and (3) governance structure--that lead to high financial and innovation performance. The findings suggest that global sourcing strategy leading to high financial performance differs largely from global sourcing strategy leading to high innovation. While most studies selectively focus on one or two components of global sourcing strategy, our study highlights the need for firms to jointly consider the combined effect of degree of disaggregation, degree of dispersion of business service activities and governance structure as well as taking into account the expected outcome when crafting their global sourcing strategy.

Abstract Empirical evidence confirms the role of local institutions in natural resource management in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). While their exact actions in this aspect is important, even more pertinent is the way these institutions can be rekindled in the midst of seemingly weak formal structures to support resource management processes. Using empirical case studies from 8 SSA countries, complemented by field-based experience on local institutional dynamics, we analyse local institutions with a view to reposition them in resource management. Our analysis suggests that in repositioning local institutions, attention should be given to local institutional capacity, regulatory frameworks, institutional performance and transplantation. JEL Codes: D02, Q20

The aim of this study is to explore whether aspects of the physical work environment cause employee cyberloafing, which is defined as employee misuse of the company’s Internet connection for personal purposes. Drawing on conservation of resources theory, the paper proposes that perceived crowding arises as a result of scarce physical space resources, which lead employees to engage in cyberloafing through feelings of stress and emotional conflict, as well as through their experiences of lack of trust and compassion at work. Data were collected from 299 respondents working in open offices at four Iranian IT-based companies in Tehran. Structural equation modelling results showed a significant positive association between crowding and cyberloafing, stress, and emotional conflict, while there was a negative association with trust, and compassion. Only trust and compassion mediated the relationship between crowding and cyberloafing. Findings suggest that crowding is certainly an unlisted cause of cyberloafing and, hence, that not only psychosocial but also physical arrangements at work need to be taken into consideration to guard against its emergence.

Although social capital is considered to be a key instrument for common pool resource (CPR) management, its effect among heterogenous players such as upstream and downstream farmers along an irrigation canal is not clear. Using a combination of lab-in-the-field experiments to measure social capital and household survey data in a unique natural experimental setting, this study shows that upstream farmers with higher trust toward the downstream farmers are more likely to be satisfied with their water usage. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that upstream farmers with higher trust demand less water and leave more water in a canal because they expect reciprocal behaviour from downstream farmers. Since the incentive structures of irrigation management closely resemble those of the standard experiments to measure social capital, this finding also provides a unique case study of the real-world relevance of these experiments.

With the advent of modernity, the sharing of resources and infrastructures rapidly expanded beyond local communities into regional, national, and even transnational space -- nowhere as visibly as in Europe, with its small-scale political divisions. This volume views these shared resource spaces as the seedbeds of a new generation of technology-rich bureaucratic and transnational commons. Drawing on the theory of cosmopolitanism, which seeks to model the dynamics of an increasingly interdependent world, and on the tradition of commons scholarship inspired by the late Elinor Ostrom, the book develops a new theory of \"cosmopolitan commons\" that provides a framework for merging the study of technology with such issues as risk, moral order, and sustainability at levels beyond the nation-state. After laying out the theoretical framework, the book presents case studies that explore the empirical nuances: airspace as transport commons, radio broadcasting, hydropower, weather forecasting and genetic diversity as information commons, transboundary air pollution, and two \"capstone\" studies of interlinked, temporally layered commons: one on overlapping commons within the North Sea for freight, fishing, and fossil fuels; and one on commons for transport, salmon fishing, and clean water in the Rhine. Contributors: Håkon With Andersen, Nil Disco, Paul N. Edwards, Arne Kaijser, Eda Kranakis, Kristiina Korjonen-Kuusipuro, Tiago Saraiva, Nina Wormbs The hardcover edition does not include a dust jacket.

1. Introduction: examining the concept of the circular economy Terry Tudor and Cleber JC. Dutra SECTION I The need for and challenges surrounding circularity 2. Natural resources. Consumption, pollution, and health risks: developed versus developing economies Giovanni Vinti and Mentore Vaccari 3. Consumption and materialism: from acquisitive to responsible materialism Isadora do Carmo Stangherlin and John Thøgersen 4. Embedding more circular approaches to the management of resources Louise Maxwell 5. Environmental justice, waste management, and the circular economy: global perspectives Paul Cox 6. Resource consumption and the associated health risks: a brief overview Terry Tudor 7. The Sustainable Development Goals as drivers for change David C. Wilson 8. Triggers for industrial symbiosis: lessons learnt from twenty-five case studies Karen Miller and Doroteya Vladimirova9. Bought today, gone tomorrow? From linear to circular consumption Melanie Jaeger-Erben SECTION IIMeasuring and implementing circularity 10. Africa -- juxtaposition between rapid urbanisation, industrialisation, and the need to preserve traditional circular systems Sally-Anne Kasner, Sarah O'Carroll 11. Circular start-ups: five business model archetypes as frontrunners of circular disruption Marvin Henry and Julian Kirchherr 12. Ecodesign and circular design of products: concepts, assessment, and strategies Vicente B. Vert and Eva Verdejo 13. Approaches to monitoring and evaluation of resource recovery from waste towards a circular economy Eleni Iacovidou and Elena Lovat 14. Complexity and the circular economy: systems approaches for change Martha Bicket 15. Circular economy meso-level planning: an approach with 'distributed economies Mario Augusto Monteiro and Cleber JC. Dutra SECTION III Policy and legislative considerations 16. The role of policy in creating a more circular economy Patrick J Mahon 17. Legal considerations for a circular economy Sean Thomas 18. Economic and trade considerations of circular economy approaches Paul Sheeran 19. Managing waste at the national and local levels Christian Zurbrügg SECTION IV Sharing economies and capacity building 20. Making sustainable markets and the forming of a circular economy Katy Mason and Thomas Jalili Tanha 21. Becoming eco-literate through experiential encounters with food Gia Daprano 22. Implementing low carbon strategies -- analysis of barriers Johannes Fresner, Fabio Morea Christina Krenn, Anton Kleshkov and Fabio Tomasi 23. Overcoming financial, social, and environmental challenges faced by cooperatives: case studies from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Tania Nunes da Silva and Eugenio Pedrozo 24. The informal recycling sector -- environmental criminals or the future of the circular economy? Mike Webster 25. Refugee camps and circular economy in Palestinian West Bank: challenges and opportunities Marco Caniato and Valérie Thöni SECTION V Recycling 26. Exploring household dynamics for recycling in the UK: a case study of recycling habits in Greater London Annabelle Boulay, Guy M. Robinson, Stewart Barr, Gareth Shaw, Alan Metcalfe 27. Circular start-ups: five business model archetypes as frontrunners of circular disruption Marvin Henry and Julian Kirchherr 28. Enablers and barriers for industrial symbiosis: lessons learnt from twenty-five case studies Doroteya Vladimirova and Karen Miller 29. A proposed approach for a solid waste collection system in an African rural town: a case study from Kenya Mentore Vaccari 30. Circular economy opportunities in Africa -- emerging sectors and missing narratives Sally-Anne Kasner and Sarah O'Carroll SECTION VI Reuse 31. Modular Smartphones and Circular Design Strategies: The Shape of Things to Come? Sabine Hielscher, Melanie Jaeger-Erben and Erik Poppe 32. The Use of By-Products in New Materials Rory Doherty, Elizabeth Gilligan, Charlie Farrell, Sreejith Nanukuttan and Ruth Morrow 33. Using circular supply chains to create community biogas Ananya Mukherjee 34. Circular economy initiatives in India: a case study approach V. Madha Suresh SECTION VII Use of technologies 35. Product-service system business models and circular economy Miying Yang 36. Circular business models in selected geographical contexts: an analysis of two cases Gianmarco Bressanelli, Nicola Saccani and Marco Perona 37. Implementing low carbon strategies in SMEs: auditing strategies Johannes Fresner, Fabio Morea, Christina Krenn, and Fabio Tomasi 38. Circular economy principles in Africa: the case of the off-grid solar in Kenya Federico Magalini, Joe Segal, and Marco Meloni 39. Circular supply chain: emerging opportunities and challenges Uthayasankar Sivarajah and Elizabeth Ragonga 40. Conclusion: closing thoughts Terry Tudor and Cleber JC. Dutra