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BS37 Restitution properties during ventricular fibrillation and the effects of cardiac pacing location on ventricular electrophysiology in the rabbit heart
IntroductionSudden cardiac death (SCD) is a significant cause of mortality due to malignant arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation (VF). There is no effective preventative treatment for SCD, making further understanding of cardiac electrophysiology crucial. The electrical restitution properties of the heart during VF were investigated to determine if cardiac memory impacts restitution in addition to the effect of pacing location on ventricular electrophysiology.MethodsNew Zealand White Male Rabbits (3–3.5 kg) n=8 for an Isolated Langendorff heart preparation. Two left ventricular epicardial sites were used (Apex and Base) to record Monophasic Action Potentials (MAPs). The five pacing sites were right ventricle (RV) apex endocardium, RV apex epicardium (epi), RV base epi, left ventricle (LV) apex epi and LV base epi. The order locations of pacing via hook electrodes were randomised. Pacing stimulation protocols were used for effective refractory period (ERP), S1 delay, S2 delay, action potential duration (APD), standard restitution and VF threshold were conducted.ResultsNo significant difference was found in ERP, APD restitution (APDR) max or conduction velocity restitution (CVR) max when pacing at different locations. Significant differences were found between pacing sites when considering S1and S2 delay from Apex MAP between LV Apex Epi and RV Base Epi (p≤0.005) and from Base MAP between LV Base epi and RV Apex epi (p≤0.01). The S1 and S2 delay data shows that when stimulating closer to the recording site the delay is shorter. As the stimulation location moves further away from the recording location (apex or base) there is a clear increase in S1 and S2 delay. A link between APD and diastolic interval (DI) during VF was identified within the first 30 beats. However, this negative relationship between APD and preceding DI begins to deteriorate post 30 beats (Apex R value = -0.45) with no distinct relationship being found at 90 beats (Apex R value = -0.05) post VF initiation. The same deterioration is seen in the positive relationship between APD and preceding APD with an average decrease in R value of 0.3. This indicates that restitution may be important in determining VF properties within the first 30 beats as VF may not be entirely random.ConclusionsThis study found that a linear relationship between APD and DI is maintained within the first 30 beats during VF. It also found that there is a significant effect on S1 and S2 delay when altering pacing stimulation location but no significant effect of pacing site on other aspects of ventricular electrophysiology.
Journal Article
PLATA NEDATORATĂ ÎN LUMINA REGLEMENTĂRILOR CODULUI CIVIL
The study proposes an analysis of the lawful juridical fact of the undue payment circumscribed to the sphere of lawful juridical facts, source of the legal civil obligation of restitution, consisting in making a payment, voluntarily, but undue, by mistake. In the introductory part of the paper, we presented the definition of undue payment and the provisions of the Civil Code regarding the lawful juridical fact of undue payment, but also those provisions to which they refer, generally applicable to a \"payment\". In the second part we analysed the Conditions of undue payment, which must be met cumulatively: a payment must be made, which is not due, in the absence of a debt, by mistake. We pointed out that although the current regulation did not expressly mention the condition that the payment was made in error, in order to be able to justify the action in repetition for the benefit of solvens, the payment must have been made by error. Thus, it is important the so-called ..volitional component' with reference to the intention of the solvens to extinguish an existing debt to the accipiens, having the firm conviction that this obligation exists and that the one who receives the payment would really be his creditor. In the hypothesis in which the solvens pays disinterestedly, without pursuing the payment of a debt, his gesture could be interpreted as a liberality, with all the consequences arising from this qualification, including the impossibility of restitution due to the irrevocable nature of the legal operation. The third part of the study was devoted to the Effects of the undue payment, distinct between solvens and accipiens, respectively those towards third parties, occasion to present various hypotheses with the indication of some jurisprudential solutions pronounced in this matter. In the final part, we presented the particularities of the action for restitution with the indication of the owner of the action, the plaintiff solvens against the defendant accipiens, specifying the legal nature and the object of this action, the rules regarding the prescription, cases of inadmissibility and the possible legal solutions, depending on the good or bad faith of accipiens. As a study method, we sought to combine the theoretical analysis with the position of the jurisprudence in this field, considering that this approach is edifying in presenting the specific features of the undue payment, in particular, in comparison with the other lawful juridical facts as sources of obligations, fraudulent management and enrichment without a just cause. Thus, we went through valuable works from our classical doctrine, but also from the contemporary one, in the comments of the texts of the current Civil Code, identifying the published and commented jurisprudential solutions.
Journal Article
In the shadow of policy : everyday practices in South African land and agrarian reform
\"Notions of land and agrarian reform are now well entrenched in post-apartheid South Africa. But what this reform actually means for everyday life is not clearly understood, nor the way it will impact on the political economy. In the Shadow of Policy explores the interface between the policy of land and agrarian reform and its implementation; and between the decisions of policy 'experts' and actual livelihood experiences in the fields and homesteads of land reform projects. Starting with an overview of the socio-historical context in which land and agrarian reform policy has evolved in South Africa, the volume presents empirical case studies of land reform projects in the Northern, Western and Eastern Cape provinces. These draw on multiple voices from various sectors and provide a rich source of material and critical reflections to inform future policy and research agendas. In the Shadow of Policy will be a key reference tool for those working in the area of development studies and land policy, and for civil society groups and NGOs involved in land restitution.\" -- Back cover.
Book
War, guilt, and world politics after World War II
\"This book describes how the states in post-1945 Austria, Germany, and Japan have tried to deal with the legacy of the Second World War and how their policies have affected their relations with other countries in the region\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Schlussstrich und Neubeginn: Felwine Sarrs Afrika-Utopie und die damit verknüpfte Rückgabe geraubter Kulturgüter
Eine geradezu unerhörte Ansage, war doch Frankreich diejenige Nation, die sich über ein halbes Jahrhundert lang gegenüber allen Forderungen dieser Art, und die wurden vielfach schon sehr früh von den einzelnen ehemaligen Kolonien erhoben, beharrlich taub stellte; die etwa Ende der 1970er-Jahre, als sich die UNESCO, unter dem Drängen ihrer Mitgliedsstaaten, mit Nachdruck der Sache annahm, auf unwürdige juristische Winkelzüge setzte, um sich weiterhin aus der Affäre ziehen zu können; und die sogar noch 2016, also nur ein Jahr vor Macrons unerwarteter Kehrtwende, als die Republik Benin die Rückgabe ehemals geraubter Werke forderte, zwar die grundsätzliche Legitimität des Anspruchs anerkannte, aber trotzdem darauf pochte, dass die Objekte bereits vor langer Zeit in den nationalen Kulturbesitz übergegangen und daher unveräußerlich seien. Die Restitutionsfrage beschäftigte da nämlich nicht nur vermehrt politische Kreise, sondern stand zunehmend auch auf der Agenda von aktivistischen und akademischen Zirkeln; und sie fand sich als Thema in der Hoch- sowie Populärkultur wieder, man denke beispielsweise an die letzte documenta, die eine Engführung kolonialer Raubzüge und nazistischer Plünderungen vorsah, oder an Blockbuster wie Chinese Zodiac (2012) und Black Panther (2018), in deren jeweilige Dramaturgie das Motiv „Raubkunst mal mehr, mal weniger prominent, das heißt handlungstreibend, eingearbeitet war. Und im eigenen Land initiierte Macron, Mann nicht nur schöner Worte, sondern auch der Tat, einen Restitutionsbericht, der letzten November im Original erschien und nun auch auf Deutsch vorliegt.1 Darin geben die beiden Autorinnen, der senegalesische Wirtschaftswissenschaftler Felwine Sarr und die französische Kunsthistorikerin Bénédicte Savoy, einen Abriss des modernen staatlichen Kunstraubs seit 1800 einschließlich der Nicht-Geschichte der Restitution an die ehemaligen Kolonien, zeigen die Verzahnungen zwischen der französischen Kolonialverwaltung und dem Aufbau der afrikanischen Kunst- und Kultursammlungen in den staatlichen Museen des Mutterlands auf und legen einen (zeitlichen, rechtlichen und finanziellen) Rahmen fest, in dem die Rückgabe des afrikanischen Kulturerbes stattfinden könnte.
Journal Article
The idea of a moral economy : Gerard of Siena on usury, restitution, and prescription
\"The Idea of a Moral Economy is the first modern edition and English translation of three questions disputed at the University of Paris in 1330 by the theologian Gerard of Siena. The questions represent the most influential late medieval formulation of the natural law argument against usury and the illicit acquisition of property. Together they offer a particularly clear example of scholastic ideas about the nature and purpose of economic activity and the medieval concept of a moral economy. In his introduction, editor Lawrin Armstrong discusses Gerard's arguments and considers their significance both within the context of scholastic philosophy and law and as a critique of contemporary mainstream economics. His analysis demonstrates how Gerard's work is not only a valuable source for understanding economic thought in pre-modern Europe, but also a fertile resource for scholars of law, economics, and philosophy in medieval Europe and beyond.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
The electrical restitution of the non-propagated cardiac ventricular action potential
Sudden changes in pacing cycle length are frequently associated with repolarization abnormalities initiating cardiac arrhythmias, and physiologists have long been interested in measuring the likelihood of these events before their manifestation. A marker of repolarization stability has been found in the electrical restitution (ER), the response of the ventricular action potential duration to a pre- or post-mature stimulation, graphically represented by the so-called ER curve. According to the restitution hypothesis (ERH), the slope of this curve provides a quantitative discrimination between stable repolarization and proneness to arrhythmias. ER has been studied at the body surface, whole organ, and tissue level, and ERH has soon become a key reference point in theoretical, clinical, and pharmacological studies concerning arrhythmia development, and, despite criticisms, it is still widely adopted. The ionic mechanism of ER and cellular applications of ERH are covered in the present review. The main criticism on ERH concerns its dependence from the way ER is measured. Over the years, in fact, several different experimental protocols have been established to measure ER, which are also described in this article. In reviewing the state-of-the art on cardiac cellular ER, I have introduced a notation specifying protocols and graphical representations, with the aim of unifying a sometime confusing nomenclature, and providing a physiological tool, better defined in its scope and limitations, to meet the growing expectations of clinical and pharmacological research.
Journal Article