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HBR guide to delivering effective feedback
\"To help your employees meet their goals and fulfill their potential, you need to provide them with regular feedback. But the prospect of sharing potentially negative news can be overwhelming. How do you construct your message so that it's not only well received but also expressed in a way that encourages change? Whether you're commending exemplary work or addressing problem behavior, the HBR Guide to Delivering Effective Feedback provides you with practical advice and tips to transform any performance discussion--from weekly check-ins to annual reviews--into an opportunity for growth and development. You'll learn to: Establish trust with your direct reports; Assess their performance fairly; Emphasize improvement, even in criticism; React calmly to a defensive feedback recipient; Recognize and motivate star performers; and Create individualized development plans. Arm yourself with the advice you need to succeed on the job, from a source you trust. Packed with how-to essentials from leading experts, the HBR Guides provide smart answers to your most pressing work challenges.\"--! From Amazon.com.
Book
Choose to move: The motivational impact of autonomy support on motor learning
Numerous studies in the motor learning domain have demonstrated learning advantages of self-controlled practice relative to yoked conditions. In separate lines of evidence in the social-psychological literature, findings show that providing participants with task-relevant autonomy support or minor incidental choices can result in superior outcomes when compared with conditions that thwart autonomy or do not offer choice. We hypothesized that motor learning could be enhanced by providing learners with choices – even if those choices are unrelated to task performance. In Experiment
1
, two groups of participants practiced a golf putting task. While one group (the choice group) was able to select the color of golf balls (white, yellow, or orange) to be used in each upcoming block of 10 trials, participants in the second group (the yoked group) were provided with the same colored golf balls their choice-group counterparts had chosen. The results of a 24-h delayed retention test indicated significantly greater putting accuracy for the choice compared with the yoked group. Experiment
2
went one step further by asking choice group participants for their preferences regarding two issues unrelated to the practice task (balancing on a stabilometer): (1) which of two subsequent tasks (coincident timing or hand dynamometry) they wanted to perform and (2) which of two prints of paintings by Renoir they thought the investigator should hang on the laboratory wall. Yoked group participants were simply informed about which task they would perform afterwards and of which painting the experimenter would put on the wall. Balance learning was significantly more effective in the choice group on a retention test. Thus, self-controlled practice conditions can influence motor learning without providing task-relevant information, content, or strategic learning advantages. Self-controlled effects in motor learning may be motivational in nature, attributable to satisfaction of fundamental autonomy needs.
Journal Article
Gamma-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation over the left posterior parietal cortex enhances the long-term retention of associative memory
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) has been reported to improve associative memory (AM) by modulating the frequency of neural oscillations in the brain; however, whether gamma-frequency (> 30 Hz) tACS in the left posterior parietal lobe (PPC) can enhance memory retention in AM remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether memory retention in AM could be improved after gamma-frequency tACS of the left PPC. We used a randomly assigned, double-blind, repeated-measures, sham-control design, in which 28 healthy adult participants were assigned to receive a single 20-min session of gamma-frequency (60 Hz) tACS or sham stimulation. The memory learning task consisted of studying and testing 50 unrelated word pairs three times on day 1. The number of correct responses in the cued recall task was measured at three time points: days 1, 7, and 28. The results revealed a significant difference in the number of correct responses between the interventions on day 7 and day 28. These data suggest that gamma-frequency tACS stimulation of the left PPC enhances the long-term retention of AM in healthy adults.
Journal Article
Influence of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on long-term neural correlates of threat extinction memory retention in humans
The neural mechanisms and durability of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) impact on threat processing in humans are not fully understood. Herein, we used functional MRI and psychophysiological tools to examine the influence of THC on the mechanisms of conditioned threat extinction learning, and the effects of THC on extinction memory retention when assessed 1 day and 1 week from learning. Healthy participants underwent threat conditioning on day 1. On day 2, participants were randomized to take one pill of THC or placebo (PBO) 2-h before threat extinction learning. Extinction memory retention was assessed 1 day and 1 week after extinction learning. We found that THC administration increased amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) activation during early extinction learning with no significant impact on skin conductance responses (SCR). When extinction memory retention was tested 24 h after learning, the THC group exhibited lower SCRs to the extinguished cue with no significant extinction-induced activations within the extinction network. When extinction memory retention was tested 1 week after learning, the THC group exhibited significantly decreased responses to the extinguished cues within the vmPFC and amygdala, but significantly increased functional coupling between the vmPFC, hippocampus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex during this extinction retention test. Our results are the first to report a long-term impact of one dose of THC on the functional activation of the threat extinction network and unveil a significant change in functional connectivity emerging after a week from engagement. We highlight the need for further investigating the long-term impact of THC on threat and anxiety circuitry.
Journal Article
High contextual interference in perturbation-based balance training leads to persistent and generalizable stability gains of compensatory limb movements
Reactive responses to balance perturbations have been shown to be improved by training. This investigation aimed to compare the effects of block and random training perturbation schedules on stability gains of compensatory arm and leg movements in response to unpredictable large-magnitude balance perturbations. Perturbations were produced by means of sudden displacements of the support base, associating mode (rotation, translation, combined), direction, and velocity of platform motion. Healthy young participants were assigned to one of three groups: random, block, and control. For the random group, perturbation sequence was unpredictable. For the block group, each balance perturbation was repeated over blocks of four trials. Controls were tested only, serving as reference of first trial responses in the post-test. Evaluation was made through a scale rating stability of compensatory arm and leg movements (CALM). We probed immediate and persistence gains (1-week retention), in addition to generalizability to perturbations of higher velocity and to dual-tasking (mental subtraction). In the post-test both the block and random groups achieved higher leg and global scores in comparison with controls in the most challenging perturbations. In retention and transfer tests, results for the global score indicated higher values for the random than for the block and control groups. These results support the conclusion that high but not low contextual interference in perturbation-based balance training leads to enduring and generalizable increased stability gains of compensatory limb movements in response to unpredictable balance perturbations.
Journal Article
The sleeping child outplays the adult's capacity to convert implicit into explicit knowledge
When sleep followed implicit training on a motor sequence, children showed greater gains in explicit sequence knowledge after sleep than adults. Measurements of slow-wave sleep and hippocampal activation suggest that the children's superior performance could be a result of enhanced reprocessing of hippocampal memory representations during slow-wave sleep.
When sleep followed implicit training on a motor sequence, children showed greater gains in explicit sequence knowledge after sleep than adults. This greater explicit knowledge in children was linked to their higher sleep slow-wave activity and to stronger hippocampal activation at explicit knowledge retrieval. Our data indicate the superiority of children in extracting invariant features from complex environments, possibly as a result of enhanced reprocessing of hippocampal memory representations during slow-wave sleep.
Journal Article
A Melodic Contour Repeatedly Experienced by Human Near-Term Fetuses Elicits a Profound Cardiac Reaction One Month after Birth
Human hearing develops progressively during the last trimester of gestation. Near-term fetuses can discriminate acoustic features, such as frequencies and spectra, and process complex auditory streams. Fetal and neonatal studies show that they can remember frequently recurring sounds. However, existing data can only show retention intervals up to several days after birth.
Here we show that auditory memories can last at least six weeks. Experimental fetuses were given precisely controlled exposure to a descending piano melody twice daily during the 35(th), 36(th), and 37(th) weeks of gestation. Six weeks later we assessed the cardiac responses of 25 exposed infants and 25 naive control infants, while in quiet sleep, to the descending melody and to an ascending control piano melody. The melodies had precisely inverse contours, but similar spectra, identical duration, tempo and rhythm, thus, almost identical amplitude envelopes. All infants displayed a significant heart rate change. In exposed infants, the descending melody evoked a cardiac deceleration that was twice larger than the decelerations elicited by the ascending melody and by both melodies in control infants.
Thus, 3-weeks of prenatal exposure to a specific melodic contour affects infants 'auditory processing' or perception, i.e., impacts the autonomic nervous system at least six weeks later, when infants are 1-month old. Our results extend the retention interval over which a prenatally acquired memory of a specific sound stream can be observed from 3-4 days to six weeks. The long-term memory for the descending melody is interpreted in terms of enduring neurophysiological tuning and its significance for the developmental psychobiology of attention and perception, including early speech perception, is discussed.
Journal Article
Effectiveness of a comprehensive mental skills curriculum in enhancing surgical performance: Results of a randomized controlled trial
We hypothesized that the implementation of a novel mental skills curriculum (MSC) during laparoscopic simulator training would improve mental skills and performance, and decrease stress.
Sixty volunteer novices were randomized into intervention and control groups. All participants received FLS training while the intervention group also participated in the MSC. Skill transfer and retention were assessed on a live porcine model after training and 2 months later, respectively. Performance was assessed using the Test of Performance Strategies-2 (TOPS-2) for mental skills, FLS metrics for laparoscopic performance, and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6) and heart rate (HR) for stress.
Fifty-five participants (92%) completed training and the transfer test, and 46 (77%) the retention test. There were no significant differences between groups at baseline. Compared to controls the intervention group significantly improved their mental skill use, demonstrated higher laparoscopic skill improvement during retention, and reported less stress during the transfer test.
The MSC implemented in this study effectively enhanced participants' mental skill use, reduced cognitive stress in the operating room with a small impact on laparoscopic performance.
Journal Article
Preserved Cognition in Patients With Early Alzheimer Disease and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment During Treatment With Rosiglitazone: A Preliminary Study
Insulin resistance (impaired insulin action) has been associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) and memory impairment, independent of AD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists improve insulin sensitivity and regulate in-vitro processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Authors evaluated the effects of the PPAR-gamma agonist rosiglitazone on cognition and plasma levels of the APP derivative beta-amyloid (Abeta) in humans.
In a placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group pilot study, 30 subjects with mild AD or amnestic mild cognitive impairment were randomized to a 6-month course of rosiglitazone (4 mg daily; N = 20) or placebo (N = 10). Primary endpoints were cognitive performance and plasma Abeta levels.
Relative to the placebo group, subjects receiving rosiglitazone exhibited better delayed recall (at Months 4 and 6) and selective attention (Month 6). At Month 6, plasma Abeta levels were unchanged from baseline for subjects receiving rosiglitazone but declined for subjects receiving placebo, consistent with recent reports that plasma Abeta42 decreases with progression of AD.
Findings provide preliminary support that rosiglitazone may offer a novel strategy for the treatment of cognitive decline associated with AD. Future confirmation in a larger study is needed to fully demonstrate rosiglitazone's therapeutic potential.
Journal Article
Reliability of online visual and proprioceptive feedback: impact on learning and sensorimotor coding
Multisensory integration is essential for learning and sensorimotor coding, facilitating learners’ adaptation to environmental changes. Recent findings confirm that introducing unreliability into visual feedback enhances the use of motor coding, probably because proprioceptive cues are given greater weight. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis and, more generally, to explore the impact of visual versus proprioceptive cue reliability on learning processes. Participants performed a 12-target pointing sequence 100 times with different combinations of visual and proprioceptive feedback: reliable versus unreliable. Retention tests and intermanual transfer tests were administered 24 h later. Results showed that learning and sensorimotor coding were both affected by the different combinations of visual and proprioceptive cue reliability. Fully reliable feedback allowed for the best retention, while fully unreliable feedback resulted in the worst retention. Visual reliability alone mediated the level of visuospatial coding performance in visuospatial transfer, regardless of the level of proprioceptive reliability, and conversely, reliable proprioception combined with unreliable vision provided the optimum sensory environment for motor coding in the motor transfer test. Overall, our study highlighted the essential role of both visual cue reliability and proprioceptive cue reliability -and their interactions- in motor learning and its generalization.
Journal Article