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"Return migrants China."
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Returning home with glory : Chinese villagers around the pacific, 1849 to 1949
\"Employing the classic Chinese saying \"returning home with glory\" (man zai rong gui) as the title, Michael Williams highlights the importance of return and home in the history of the connections established and maintained between villagers in the Pearl River Delta and various Pacific ports from the time of the Californian and Australian gold rushes to the founding of the People's Republic of China. Conventional scholarship on Chinese migration tends to privilege nation-state factors or concepts which are dependent on national boundaries. Such approaches are more concerned with the migrants' settlement in the destination country, downplaying the awkward fact that the majority of the overseas Chinese (huaqiao) originally intended to (and eventually did) return to their home villages (qiaoxiang). Williams goes back to the basics by considering the strong influence exerted by the family and the home village on those who first set out in order to give a better appreciation of how and why many modest communities in southern China became more modern and affluent. He also gives a voice to those who never left their villages (women in particular). Designed as a single case study, this work presents detailed research based on the more than eighty villages of the Long Du district (near Zhongshan City in Guangdong Province), as well as the three major destinations--Sydney, San Francisco, and Honolulu--of the huaqiao who came from this region. Out of this analysis of what truly mattered to the villagers, the choices they had and made, and what constituted success and failure in their lives, a sympathetic portrayal of the huaqiao emerges.\"--Back cover.
Book
Coming home to a foreign country : Xiamen and returned overseas Chinese, 1843-1938
Ong Soon Keong explores the unique position of the treaty port Xiamen (Amoy) within the China-Southeast Asia migrant circuit and examines its role in the creation of Chinese diasporas. Coming Home to a Foreign Country addresses how migration affected those who moved out of China and later returned to participate in the city's economic revitalization, educational advancement, and urban reconstruction. Ong shows how the mobility of overseas Chinese allowed them to shape their personal and community identities for pragmatic and political gains. This resulted in migrants who returned with new money, knowledge, and visions acquired abroad, which changed the landscape of their homeland and the lives of those who stayed.
Placing late Qing and Republican China in a transnational context, Coming Home to a Foreign Country explores the multilayered social and cultural interactions between China and Southeast Asia. Ong investigates the role of Xiamen in the creation of a China-Southeast Asia migrant circuit; the activities of aspiring and returned migrants in Xiamen; the accumulation and manipulation of multiple identities by Southeast Asian Chinese as political conditions changed; and the motivations behind the return of Southeast Asian Chinese and their continual involvement in mainland Chinese affairs. For Chinese migrants, Ong argues, the idea of \"home\" was something consciously constructed.
Ong complicates familiar narratives of Chinese history to show how the emigration and return of overseas Chinese helped transform Xiamen from a marginal trading outpost at the edge of the Chinese empire to a modern, prosperous city and one of the most important migration hubs by the 1930s.
eBook
Return Migration and Identity
The global trend for immigrants to return home has unique relevance for Hong Kong. This work of cross-cultural psychology explores many personal stories of return migration. The author captures in dozens of interviews the anxieties, anticipations, hardships and flexible world perspectives of migrants and their families as well as friends and co-workers. The book examines cultural identity shifts and population flows during a critical juncture in Hong Kong history between the Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984 and the early years of Hong Kong’s new status as a special administrative region after 1997. Nearly a million residents of Hong Kong migrated to North America, Europe and Australia in the 1990s. These interviews and analyses help illustrate individual choices and identity profiles during this period of unusual cultural flexibility and behavioral adjustment.
eBook
Return of Rural Migrants in Southwest China: An Empirical Study Based on 2010 Copies of Questionnaires
[Objectives] To analyze and study the reasons for the return of rural migrants in southwest China, so as to come up with effective policy recommendations. [Methods] Based on the questionnaire survey on the return of rural population in Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan, the characteristics and reasons of the return of rural migrants were analyzed. [Results] It was found that the return of rural population in the southwest China was dominated by middle-aged and young people with higher education level, and mainly from Guangdong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, etc., the time of staying outside gradually declined, and after the return, they were more willing to go outside rural areas to continue to engage in the same or similar work, and they showed stronger willingness to flow again. [Conclusions] The reasons for the return of rural migrants are diversified, mainly affected by limited welfare of medical care, education, and housing resulted from high housing price in employment places, household registration limitation, as well as the need of caring the elderly in the hometown, and returning to start an undertaking. In line with the reasons for return of rural migrants in southwest China, it came up with some effective policy recommendations.
Journal Article
Why do Chinese migrant workers return? Exploring economic push-pull factors and emotional ties
Over the past few decades, China’s economic growth and urbanization have driven a significant migration of rural laborers to cities. Recently, however, an increasing number of migrant workers have chosen to return to their hometowns for employment opportunities. Understanding the factors influencing this return migration is crucial but challenging due to the complexity and diversity of these factors and their intricate interrelationships. Moreover, existing research on migrant workers’ return lacks a systematic theoretical framework and comprehensive empirical analysis. To address these gaps, our study utilizes the \"Push-Pull Theory\" from migration theory to develop a comprehensive model. This model investigates how perceived benefits, trust, costs, and both personal and government support affect migrant workers’ willingness to return. We employ structural equation modeling (SEM) for empirical analysis, revealing that perceived benefits, trust, and costs significantly influence migrant workers’ perception of return support. This perception, in turn, enhances their willingness to return. Additionally, our findings show that government support positively moderates the relationship between perceived benefits and costs with return support. However, it does not significantly affect the relationship between perceived trust and support, indicating that policy incentives alone may not sufficiently build trust in hometowns. Furthermore, emotional factors—such as family and place attachment, community involvement, and quality of life in hometowns—indirectly influence the decision to return by shaping perceived benefits, trust, and costs. This study advances the application of Push-Pull Theory by integrating economic factors with emotional bonds in the context of return migration. It provides novel insights into how both economic incentives and emotional ties drive migrant workers’ decisions to return, offering a more nuanced understanding of migration dynamics in China.
Journal Article
Changing Patterns of the Floating Population in China, 2000-2010
Using data from the 2000 and 2010 Chinese population censuses and applying a consistent definition of migration, we examine changing patterns of China's floating population during 2000–2010. During the first decade of the twenty-first century, there have been significant changes in China's floating population, as reflected in a continuing growth of interprovincial floating population and the growth of the floating population in China's western and interior regions, geographic diversification of destinations for the floating population, a major increase in interprovincial return migration, and significant improvement in education and occupational profiles among the floating population. We argue that these patterns are driven by domestic and international factors, including the newly released Labor Law, removal of agricultural tax, the western China development program, increased investment in education by the Chinese government, and the global financial crisis. We also discuss several challenges facing the floating population, which include limited educational opportunity for migrant children and inadequate housing and social welfare protection for the floating population.
Journal Article
Effect of social integration on childbirth return among internal migrant pregnant women: a nationally representative study in China
Background
Social integration has been demonstrated to be associated with the health care use among migrants, but few studies have focused on migrant pregnant women. This study aims to explore the association between social integration and childbirth at woman’s hometown (childbirth return) of internal migrant pregnant women in China.
Method
Using the data of “Monitoring Data of Chinese Migrants” in 2014, a total of 3412 internal migrant pregnant women were included in this study. Social integration was measured by economic integration, acculturation, and identification. The childbirth locations of internal migrant pregnant women were divided into current residency and the woman’s hometown. Univariate logistic regression and two multivariable logistic regression models were employed to assess the association between social integration and childbirth return among internal migrant pregnant women.
Result
Our study finds that 24.56% of migrant pregnant women choose to have a childbirth return. As for social integration, those who have their own house (OR = 0.351 95% CI 0.207–0.595) in current residence, who have been staying in current residence for at least 5 years (OR = 0.449; 95% CI 0.322–0.626), and who are willing to stay in the current residence for a long time (OR = 0.731; 95% CI 0.537–0.995) are less likely to have a childbirth return. Apart from social integration, our results also show that those migrant pregnant women who are older, who have higher education level, who have at least two family members in current residence, with a migration reason of work and business, who have established health record in the current residency, and who were not covered by medical insurances, are less likely to have a childbirth return.
Conclusion
Social integration is negatively associated with childbirth return among internal migrant pregnant women in China. To improve the utilization of maternal care services for migrant pregnant women in current residence, targeted policies should be made to improve social integration status for migrant pregnant women.
Journal Article
Entrepreneurial Role Models: A New Engine for Return Migrant Worker Entrepreneurship in Rural China
The selection of entrepreneurial endeavors by return migrant workers represents a form of reverse urban-to-rural labor migration that has the potential to promote rural development and contribute to rural revitalization. However, there is a paucity of academic research examining the influence of entrepreneurial role models on their decision to pursue entrepreneurship. In light of this gap, this paper employs data from the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) to analyze the impact of entrepreneurial role models in 2017 on return migrant worker entrepreneurship in 2019. This analysis is based on social learning theory and employs the OLS and 2SLS methods. The results demonstrate that the entrepreneurial role models in 2017 exerted a significant influence on the probability of return migrant workers initiating businesses in 2019, increasing it by .80%. These results remain robust after using an instrumental variable approach and an enhanced method to mitigate self-selection bias to address the endogeneity problem. The mechanism analysis indicates that entrepreneurial role models can enhance the strength of social networks by increasing the frequency of interactions with return migrant workers, thereby influencing their decisions to pursue entrepreneurial careers. The impact of entrepreneurial role models on return migrant workers’ entrepreneurial activities varies significantly. Specifically, the findings indicate that older individuals, those with less education, and those with higher income levels before returning to their hometowns are more likely to engage in entrepreneurial activities. This study aims to provide insights that can inform the formulation of appropriate policies for rural sustainable development in developing countries.
Journal Article
Return-Migrant Urbanisation in Inland China: The Case of Hubei Province
Since China entered the 21st century, a phenomenon of return migrants moving back from urban to rural areas has been noted, especially in central regions such as Hubei Province. Despite its significance, this phenomenon remains inadequately understood. Employing ethnographic research methods, we conducted multiple rounds of fieldwork in Guangzhou, Wuhan, and three of Wuhan’s neighbouring county-level cities—Hanchuan, Xiantao, and Tianmen—where rising garment industrial enclaves and return migration have been observed. Our findings reveal that the pro-growth policies of megacities like Wuhan and Guangzhou, aimed at industrial transformation while eliminating ‘low-end’ manufacturing, have forced migrants to leave large cities. Among these individuals, return-migrant entrepreneurs (RMEs), comprising entrepreneurs and family workshop owners, have had a profound impact on advancing county urbanisation in Hubei Province. Specifically, we identified three features for return-migrant urbanisation. First, entrepreneurs took their return as an opportunity to expand and promote their businesses, thereby fostering industrialisation in Hanchuan. Second, local state activities in Xiantao, encompassing the construction of highways, logistics systems, and other facilities, coupled with institutionalised arrangements, triggered return migration and township urbanisation. Third, households and individuals with entrepreneurship dominated the development of the informal workshop industry in Tianmen. Overall, our study contributes to the nuanced understanding of new types of urbanisation in China.
Journal Article