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"Return migration Korea."
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Exodus to North Korea
Ranging from Geneva to Pyongyang, this remarkable book takes readers on an odyssey through one of the most extraordinary forgotten tragedies of the Cold War: the \"return\" of over 90,000 people, most of them ethnic Koreans, from Japan to North Korea from 1959 onward. Presented to the world as a humanitarian venture and conducted under the supervision of the International Red Cross, the scheme was actually the result of political intrigues involving the governments of Japan, North Korea, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The great majority of the Koreans who journeyed to North Korea in fact originated from the southern part of the Korean peninsula, and many had lived all their lives in Japan. Though most left willingly, persuaded by propaganda that a bright new life awaited them in North Korea, the author draws on recently declassified documents to reveal the covert pressures used to hasten the departure of this unwelcome ethnic minority. For most, their new home proved a place of poverty and hardship; for thousands, it was a place of persecution and death. In rediscovering their extraordinary personal stories, this book also casts new light on the politics of the Cold War and on present-day tensions between North Korea and the rest of the world.
eBook
Transnational mobility and identity in and out of Korea
\"Through a series of empirical studies, this edited volume examines socio-cultural aspects of transnational mobility in and out of Korea as well as the process in which overseas Koreans, returnees, and marriage migrants in South Korea gain agency and negotiate multiple identities\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Nostalgic for the unfamiliar
This article addresses and attempts to reconcile the epistemological divide in recent return migration scholarship (e.g. diasporic return vs. ancestral homeland migration). Relying on interviews conducted with 1.5/2nd-generation Korean American returnees’, this study finds that an orientation toward the Korean peninsula and an abstracted Korean-ness serves as one of the central motivations for their migration to South Korea. I argue that this orientation and cultural affinity toward the Korean peninsula is not proof of a diasporic ontology but rather of a discursive reality promulgated by popular and legal discourses both in South Korea and the United States. Within these discourses, culture and ethnicity are interpreted not as being socially constructed and located but as essential and natural. Whether or not these perspectives hold ontological merit is thus superfluous—the Korean American returnees’ interviewed believe them to be valid and articulate their salience within their own migration narratives. However, this article also finds that possessing an orientation toward a Korean ethnicity and peninsula does not preclude these individuals from eventually negotiating their migratory identities within and against an authentic’ Korean diasporic subjectivity. These findings showcase how Korean American returnees’ both adopt and challenge dominant discourses about ethnicity, nationality, and diaspora through their transnationalism.
Journal Article
Ethnic return migration and hierarchical nationhood: Korean Chinese foreign workers in South Korea
Though nationhood is typically understood to be an equalizing or horizontal concept, the phenomenon of ethnic return migration has shown that states as well as societies can draw hierarchical distinctions between persons of the same ancestry. We demonstrate two dimensions — legal and social — of this 'hierarchical nationhood' by analysing the South Korean policy and citizen attitudes regarding Joseonjok, or ethnic Korean Chinese citizens moving to South Korea. On the legal dimension, the Korean state defines Joseonjok as foreigners, allowing them entry mainly for low-wage jobs and excluding them from social benefits, while preferring them over other foreigners. The legal dimension of hierarchy is also institutionalized in a more favourable visa for Korean Americans that excludes Joseonjok. The social dimension of hierarchical nationhood is shown by public opinion data of Korean citizens towards Joseonjok foreign workers and data on reported experiences of discrimination. Finally, the authors show how Korea's hierarchical nationhood is shaped by economic and geopolitical goals, and describe analogous cases in Asia and Europe.
Journal Article
Transnational return migration of 1.5 generation Korean New Zealanders
Why do immigrants return home? Is return migration a failure or a success? How do returnees settle back into their original homeland while retaining their connections to their host society? How do returnees contribute to their homeland with their skills gained from overseas? Transnational Return Migration of 1.5 Generation Korean New Zealanders: A Quest for Home seeks to answer these complex questions surrounding return migration through a case study of the 1.5 generation Korean New Zealander returnees. Jane Lee questions and unpacks the very meaning of “home” and “return” through the personal and intimate stories that are shared by the Korean New Zealander returnees. This book tells a compelling story of the strong desire contemporary transnational migrants feel to belong to one particular identity group. In addition, the author highlights the realities and disconnections of transnationalism as the returnees’ transnational activities and experiences change over time and space.
eBook
Establishing Identity: Documents, Performance, and Biometric Information in Immigration Proceedings
This article explores the politics of identification in immigration proceedings by examining the struggles over family-based immigration in South Korea in the context of ethnic Korean ``return'' migration from China. It focuses on micropolitical struggles in bureaucratic settings, analyzing how migrants and immigration bureaucrats struggle to establish kinship and marital status in order to secure or limit migrants' access to the labor market and citizenship. Drawing on fieldwork in both the sending and receiving communities, it shows how migrants and bureaucrats use various types of ``identity tags'' (official documents, performance, and biometric information) to establish the authenticity of family relations and to accept or reject particular understandings of personhood, belonging, and entitlement. It also highlights the multiple normative orderings that inform migrants' strategies (including their use of ``fraudulent'' identity) and their implicit or explicit challenge to the criminalizing and stigmatizing view of the immigration state.
Journal Article
The Peripheral Experiences and Positionalities of Korean New Zealander Returnees
This article examines the peripheral experiences of skilled return migrants in their homeland and the wider social implications of global knowledge transfer. Through a case study of Korean New Zealander returnees, I argue that the process of skill transfer is not easy, as shown by the returnees' difficulties and social alienation. Korean New Zealander returnees have a more alienated experience than Koreans of similar backgrounds returning from other Western countries.
Journal Article